In turn, higher
rates of insecure attachment in the child were associated with higher rates of mental health problems in the child (Brumariu and Kerns 2010).
Maternal depressive symptoms predicted higher
rates of insecure attachment.
Maltreated infants randomized to the community standard condition continued to evidence extremely high
rates of insecure attachment consistent with that present at baseline.9 Interestingly, in the latter preventive intervention, a didactic and more behaviourally focused intervention was just as effective as one dealing with maternal representations in promoting secure attachment.
Studies in general have not been able to find direct associations of mother - infant attachment with child care arrangements and with mothers» social support systems [12], but in high social risk groups, lack of support correlated with higher
rates of insecure attachment relationships [24 — 26], while extensive support was found to promote security [27, 28].
The presence of child abuse and neglect in the Caregiver's childhood experience was related to a higher
rate of insecure attachments in children placed in foster care, with infants 6 % less likely to develop a secure attachment if placed with a caregiver that has experienced childhood trauma (Cole 2005a).
Further, a lack of care and emotionally warm relationships with the overweight child (Hammar et al., 1972; Kinston, Loader, Miller, & Rein, 1988; Turner, Rose, & Cooper, 2005) and a markedly increased
rate of insecure attachment styles among mothers of overweight children have been reported (Trombini et al., 2003).
Not exact matches
• Across a wide range
of cultural contexts, around one third
of mother - child
attachments and one third
of father - child
attachments are
rated «
insecure» when their child is 15 months old (Ahnert et al, 2006), even though at this stage most mothers will have spent far more time caring for the child.
On social - emotional measures, foster children in the NSCAW study tended to have more compromised functioning than would be expected from a high - risk sample.43 Moreover, as indicated in the previous section, research suggests that foster children are more likely than nonfoster care children to have
insecure or disordered
attachments, and the adverse long - term outcomes associated with such
attachments.44 Many studies
of foster children postulate that a majority have mental health difficulties.45 They have higher
rates of depression, poorer social skills, lower adaptive functioning, and more externalizing behavioral problems, such as aggression and impulsivity.46 Additionally, research has documented high levels
of mental health service utilization among foster children47 due to both greater mental health needs and greater access to services.
Results from a longitudinal study conducted in Israel have indicated that infants» experiences with very low - quality centre care was associated with increased
rates of insecure infant — mother
attachment, 12 regardless
of the sensitivity
of the mothers» caregiving.
Of the men he chose for his study, he found that men with insecure attachments had more incarcerations, more violent behaviors, higher rate of substance abuse, and a greater school drop - out rate than those with secure attachment
Of the men he chose for his study, he found that men with
insecure attachments had more incarcerations, more violent behaviors, higher
rate of substance abuse, and a greater school drop - out rate than those with secure attachment
of substance abuse, and a greater school drop - out
rate than those with secure
attachments.
Those with secure
attachment styles did not participate in the HNP / PDR at the same
rate as those with
insecure attachment styles, as they do not have the same levels
of trauma from childhood that affect their lives today.
Importantly,
rates of security in the mother - child dyads that received the
attachment - theory informed intervention did not differ from those present in the dyads where mothers were not depressed.5 For toddlers who participated in the
attachment intervention, there was also a greater maintenance
of secure
attachment organization among those who were initially secure, as well as a greater shift from
insecure to secure
attachment groupings.
The aim was to test these relatively new measures in practice contexts administered by practitioners, and to determine
rates of insecure and disorganised
attachment style to compare with other studies.
In addition,
insecure attachments have been found to be linked to a harsh environment and economic hardships (Schmitt, 2003), whereas preoccupied
attachment often co-occurred with high
rates of collectivism (Schmitt et al., 2004).
Several studies have reported that early trauma, and especially childhood sexual abuse, specifically increases the risk
of later hallucinations in both schizophrenia and bipolar patients.69 — 73 On the other hand,
insecure attachment appears to be specifically associated with paranoia and not hallucinations.45, 46 Evidence that discrimination or victimization plays a specific role in the development
of paranoid beliefs has emerged from a population survey in the United States and Mexico, 39 from a prospective population - based study in Holland, 32 and from patients» retrospective reports
of their experiences
of intrusive74, 75 and threatening76 life events (as noted above, this effect may contribute to the elevated
rates of psychosis in immigrant populations).