For instance, in the human genome we still see the remnants of the large olfactory
receptor gene family that gave our evolutionary ancestors a keen sense of smell, even though humans no longer rely on them.
They analysed relationships between bats, the exact composition of the MHC genes as well as the molecular structure of three olfactory
receptor gene families: TAAR2, TAAR3 and TAAR8.
Not exact matches
«We found that interbreeding with archaic humans — the Neanderthals and Denisovans — has influenced the genetic diversity in present - day genomes at three innate immunity
genes belonging to the human Toll - like -
receptor family,» says Janet Kelso of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.
Since
genes for the T - cell
receptor beta chain were previously shown to be on mouse chromosome 6, all three of the Ig - like multigene
families expressed and rearranged in T cells are located on different chromosomes, just as are the B - cell multigene
families for the Ig heavy chain, and the Ig kappa and lambda light chains.
«Fibroblast growth factor
receptor inhibitors are new therapies being developed in clinical trials for patients whose cancer cells have genetic alterations in this
family of
genes,» says Roychowdhury, a member of the OSUCCC — James Translational Therapeutics Program.
In 2004 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine went to Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel for their research showing that there is a huge
family of
genes that encode proteins called olfactory
receptors.
Together, the researchers focused on a
family of
genes that encode taste
receptors found in fruit flies.
They found
genes for five new
receptors, all of which belong to a known
family of proteins called formyl peptide
receptors (FPRs).
After analyzing the
genes of about a thousand bats, the researchers studied the exact composition of the MHC
genes as well as the molecular structure of three
families of olfactory
receptor genes: TAAR2, TAAR3 and TAAR8.
Specifically, this mutation, which likely occurred very early in evolution after the separation of our group from that of sea anemones, affected a
gene of the Fgfr (fibroblast growth factor
receptors)
family.
Jarjour and his team studied a
family of immune response
genes called toll - like
receptors (TLRs), which are responsible for sending out chemical «danger signals» when a bacteria or virus is detected.
At the heart of the pathway lies the daf - 2
gene, which encodes a member of the insulin
family of cell surface
receptors.
In addition, researchers found that the
gene families related to whale's body hair and sensory
receptors were contracted, such as Keratin - related
gene families associated with hair formation, several Hox
genes that play an important role in the body plan and embryonic development.
Focusing their search on
receptors not known to respond to any odor, the researchers identified one
family of
genes that appeared to be expressed in olfactory neurons but not in other tissues.
The study focused on a small subset of nuclear
receptors, a large
family of proteins that regulate
gene expression in response to signals from various binding partners, including steroids and fats.
The answer came two years later, in the form of a
family of
genes that are known as the Toll - like
receptors (TLR).
The genome encodes a large number of novel
receptor kinases and contains expansions of a variety of
gene families, including those associated with virulence.
Also,
genes that code for
receptor tyrosine kinases, a
family of
receptors on the surface of cells, may rearrange to form multiple distinct
gene fusion partners, as evidenced in an article by Kulkarni, et al, on a translational study involving a patient who developed a BRAF fusion following treatment with a BRAF inhibitor1.
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen
receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase
family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3
receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1
receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1
gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein
receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated
gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting
The octopus genome contains around 1,800 C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors, the second largest
gene family so far discovered in animals (olfactory
receptor genes in elephants are the largest at around 2,000).
The Lexicon efforts are focused on
gene families that are pharmaceutically important, such as transporters, G - protein coupled
receptors (GPCRs), ion channels, kinases and other key enzymes, membrane proteins (e.g.,
receptors), and secreted proteins.
The
gene expression viewer has proven to be an ideal tool for comparing
gene family members,
genes whose products participate in ligand —
receptor interactions, and
genes involved in signal transduction pathways.
Two related potassium (K +) channel defects in benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC) have recently been identified.9 10 A defect in a
receptor for a different neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) has previously been identified in a
family with autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) 11, which was later shown to affect calcium (Ca +) movement.12 In humans, so far, there has not been any success in identifying
genes associated with more common primary epilepsy syndromes such as juvenile absence epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME).13 No
gene or marker linked to an epilepsy
gene has been identified in any dog breed, as yet.
At around 1,800
genes, it is the second - largest
gene family to be discovered in an animal, after the elephant's 2,000 olfactory -
receptor genes.
Investigated TAM
family receptor tyrosine kinase
gene expression in response to small molecule inhibitors in glioblastoma multiforme
Variation in the oxytocin
receptor gene moderates the protective effects of a
family - based prevention program on telomere length.
Association between the arginine vasopressin 1a
receptor (AVPR1a)
gene and autism in a
family - based study: Mediation by socialization skills