First, although it is very important to see that development includes more than merely
reducing economic scarcity, it seems unhelpful to define poverty as «
deprivation of basic capabilities»» i.e., the absence of freedom.
Parenting is a proximal variable in the causal pathway to adverse outcomes in childhood and adolescence, of which material disadvantage and
economic hardship are distal variables.32 Behavioural problems and temper tantrums among young children have been shown to increase as a result of parenting changes associated with economic hardship.33 Economic deprivation has also been associated with decreased respect for the father and increased dependence on peer group for adolescent boys, and lowered feelings of self adequacy and reduced goal aspirations for adolescent girls.15 Economic hardship appears to have direct and indirect effects on adolescent func
economic hardship are distal variables.32 Behavioural problems and temper tantrums among young children have been shown to increase as a result of parenting changes associated with
economic hardship.33 Economic deprivation has also been associated with decreased respect for the father and increased dependence on peer group for adolescent boys, and lowered feelings of self adequacy and reduced goal aspirations for adolescent girls.15 Economic hardship appears to have direct and indirect effects on adolescent func
economic hardship.33
Economic deprivation has also been associated with decreased respect for the father and increased dependence on peer group for adolescent boys, and lowered feelings of self adequacy and reduced goal aspirations for adolescent girls.15 Economic hardship appears to have direct and indirect effects on adolescent func
Economic deprivation has also been associated with decreased respect for the father and increased dependence on peer group for adolescent boys, and lowered feelings of self adequacy and
reduced goal aspirations for adolescent girls.15
Economic hardship appears to have direct and indirect effects on adolescent func
Economic hardship appears to have direct and indirect effects on adolescent functioning.