Additional reasons for deciding not to breastfeed can include concern about the quality and quantity of breast milk, and partner and family support, which are common across developed and developing countries.10, 11 Women who decide not to breastfeed are also more likely to have smoked during their pregnancy, be primiparous mothers (i.e., having their first child), and to have a child born low birth weight or with complex health issues such as cystic fibrosis.9, 12 Prenatal and post-natal stressful experiences may also
reduce the duration of breastfeeding.13 Finally, several studies suggest that mother's who return to work within the first 6 months postpartum or anticipate an early return to full - time employment, are less likely to breastfeed.
Not exact matches
Longer
duration of breastfeeding may or may not affect the appearance
of your breasts, but it will
reduce the risk for breast cancer over your lifetime, in addition to the many other health benefits to you and to your
breastfed baby.
«In the subgroup
of women with spontaneous onset
of labour and vaginal deliveries, after controlling for other obstetric and demographic factors, epidural analgesia but not narcotic analgesia was significantly associated with
reduced breastfeeding duration (adjusted hazard ratio 1.44, 95 % confidence interval 1.04 - 1.99).»
The Lullaby Trust's Lucy Lyus, Research and Information Manager said in response to the study: «We recommend that women
breastfeed their babies, if they can, as
breastfeeding for any
duration, whether exclusive or in combination with formula feeding, has been found to
reduce the chance
of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
Longer
breastfeeding duration is further associated with
reduced maternal risks
of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and heart attack.»
It is estimated that the cumulative incidence
of breast cancer in developed countries would be
reduced by more than half, from 6.3 to 2.7 per 100 women by age 70, if women had the average number
of births and lifetime
duration of breastfeeding that had been prevalent in developing countries until recently.
A longer
duration of breastfeeding — for example more than 12 months (and this can be over several babies) is more protective, even if you are
breastfeeding at all and whether you are mixed feeding with some breast milk and some formula, your breast cancer risks are
reduced.
Most studies have revealed protective effects
of breastfeeding on common infections in the first 8 to12 months
of life.8, 27,29,30 One study, which distinguished between infectious diseases until and from the age
of 6 months, revealed results similar to those from our study.24 Although the authors used exclusive
breastfeeding for 3 months as the reference group, exclusive
breastfeeding for 6 months
reduced the risk
of gastrointestinal tract infections between the ages
of 3 and 6 months but not between the ages
of 6 and 12 months.24 We can not explain why
breastfeeding duration was only associated with lower risks
of lower respiratory tract infection from 7 to 12 months.
Indeed, a long
duration of breastfeeding (> 7 months) has been associated with a
reduced risk
of overweight and obesity, 2 while a short
duration (≤ 4 months) may not be sufficient to obtain the beneficial effects
of breastfeeding.3 Another confounding factor is early exposure to antibiotics, which is increasing even for minor infections.
A more recent examination
of nonhuman protein enrichment
of mother's milk found more severe illnesses and a
reduced duration of «full»
breastfeeding while a greater
duration of full
breastfeeding was associated with better growth scores.
BFHI has been shown to be very effective in increasing
breastfeeding initiation, exclusive
breastfeeding and
breastfeeding duration in many countries, as well as improving mother's health care experiences and
reducing rates
of infant abandonment.12 Given the short and long - term benefits
of breastfeeding to the infant, mother and society, implementing BFHI — alongside with the other objectives stated in the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding - continues to have an important role to play in health services worldwide.
Many
of the observational studies indicate that pacifier use, at any stage
of lactation, is associated with
reduced breastfeeding exclusivity or
duration.
Breastfeeding consistently
reduced behavioural responses
of cry
duration and composite pain scores during and following vaccinations.
Distribution
of formula marketing packs
reduces breastfeeding initiation and
duration (16) and implies that formula is a recommended feeding method.
Conversely, many researchers have observed a greater risk
of overweight in children and adolescents who had not been
breastfed compared with those who had16, 17 or who were
breastfed a shorter rather than longer
duration.18 — 25 On the basis
of a review
of 11 studies, Dewey26 concluded that «the evidence to date suggests that
breastfeeding reduces the risk
of child overweight to a moderate extent.»
@Just wondering: There are quite a few papers suggesting that a longer
duration of breastfeeding can
reduce the risk
of breast cancer.
I do, however, think that the
duration of their colds are
reduced when
breastfeeding.
Although some SIDS experts and policy - makers endorse pacifier use recommendations that are similar to those
of the AAP, 272,273 concerns about possible deleterious effects
of pacifier use have prevented others from making a recommendation for pacifier use as a risk reduction strategy.274 Although several observational studies275, — , 277 have found a correlation between pacifiers and
reduced breastfeeding duration, the results
of well - designed randomized clinical trials indicated that pacifiers do not seem to cause shortened
breastfeeding duration for term and preterm infants.278, 279 The authors
of 1 study reported a small deleterious effect
of early pacifier introduction (2 — 5 days after birth) on exclusive
breastfeeding at 1 month
of age and on overall
breastfeeding duration (defined as any
breastfeeding), but early pacifier use did not adversely affect exclusive
breastfeeding duration.
A significantly
reduced risk
of breast cancer was also found for those whose lifetime
duration of lactation totaled 73 - 108 months (odds ratio = 0.47, 95 % CI: 0.23, 0.95) and for those who
breastfed for > or = 109 months (odds ratio = 0.24, 95 % CI: 0.11, 0.53).
As a consequence
of this research the past two decades (1989 - 2009) have witnessed a) a renewed recognition
of the importance
of contact and touch for babies in the context
of improving
breastfeeding initiation and
duration [17]; b) an increased awareness
of the role that close parental proximity and monitoring
of babies plays in
reducing SIDS and neglect [18][19]; and c) the impact
of early mother - infant separation on long - term mental health [20]-- all leading to a resurgence
of interest in parent - infant contact, particularly sleep contact.
The study revealed a significant association between
duration of breastfeeding and
reduced risk
of diabetes, even after all other possible risk factors were accounted for.