In both experiments the AMOC is intensified in the course of the solar radiation reduction, which is attributed to the thermal effect of the solar forcing:
reduced sea surface temperatures and enhanced
sea ice formation increase the density of the upper ocean in the North Atlantic and intensify the deepwater
formation.
The observed effects of cryosphere reduction include modification of river regimes due to enhanced glacial melt, snowmelt advance and enhanced winter base flow;
formation of thermokarst terrain and disappearance of surface lakes in thawing permafrost; decrease in potential travel days of vehicles over frozen roads in the Arctic; enhanced potential for glacier hazards and slope instability due to mechanical weakening driven by
ice and permafrost melting; regional ocean freshening;
sea - level rise due to glacier and
ice sheet shrinkage; biotic colonisation and faunal changes in deglaciated terrain; changes in freshwater and marine ecosystems affected by lake -
ice and
sea -
ice reduction; changes in livelihoods;
reduced tourism activities related to skiing,
ice climbing and scenic activities in cryospheric areas affected by degradation; and increased ease of ship transportation in the Arctic.