Nonhuman and human primates are generally considered «dead end» hosts, so adaptation in this host may engender a phenotype of
reduced infectivity for subsequent hosts; this is likely an uncontrollable characteristic of the model system, rather than an indication of the viability of the spirochetes.
Across populations, kiwi is used in the preparation of antimicrobial products to
reduce the development of resistance towards the conventional medications for fungal and bacterial
infectivity.