Professionals working with children can contribute to making
reduction of child maltreatment a priority.
Not exact matches
Impact evaluations reviewed in The Lancet medical journal have shown
reductions in
child maltreatment in the first two years
of life
of up to 48 percent.
Studies
of home visiting's effectiveness as an intervention designed to prevent
child maltreatment demonstrate some promise, but compared to the number
of studies conducted that measure
child maltreatment, risk for
maltreatment, or protective factors, there are far more findings
of no effects than
reductions in
maltreatment and improvements in
child and family well - being.
For example, a review on prevention
of maltreatment and associated impairment concluded that programs delivered by paraprofessional home visitors were not effective in reducing
child protection reports or associated impairments whereas those delivered by nurses evidenced
reductions in
child maltreatment.8
Although an NFP study conducted when
children were 4 years old showed no effect, 18 another study found
reductions in substantiated reports
of child maltreatment 15 years after enrollment.19 Across a number
of HFA studies there was no evidence
of near - term effects on substantiated reports, 20,21,22,23 and there were no longer - term follow - up studies.
In the US, the Obama administration has funded a range
of initiatives that require the use
of evidence - based strategies in areas such as teen pregnancy prevention, home visiting, education and workforce innovation.2, 3 In the field
of home visiting, an increasing number
of programs have been rigorously evaluated and have demonstrated evidence
of effectiveness in outcome domains such as parenting, maternal and
child health,
child development and school readiness,
reductions in
child maltreatment, and family economic self - sufficiency.4, 5,6
What is the evidence
of effectiveness
of home visiting to increase positive parenting practices associated with
reductions in the risk
of child maltreatment?
Combining baseline adjustments, treatment attenuation effects, and prior preschool attendance attenuation effects, we assume that non-low-income
children experience 42 percent
of the
reduction in the need for special education, 21 percent
of the decline in grade retention, 12 percent
of the
reduction in
child maltreatment, 42 percent
of the drop in juvenile and adult crime, 26 percent
of the lessening
of depression, and 37 percent
of the decrease in smoking experienced by low - income
children.28
Dr. Joanne Klevens
of the Division
of Violence Prevention within the Center for Disease Control's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control and colleagues looked for associations between the Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC) and
reductions in
child maltreatment.
Prevention
of child injuries,
child abuse, neglect, or
maltreatment, and
reduction of emergency department visits;
This includes improved birth, health and
child development outcomes, and
reductions in
child maltreatment.15 A number
of SNHV programmes have also shown favourable effects on healthcare usage, including rates
of well -
child healthcare visits.15
Evidence is also becoming available about Parents Anonymous, © which has recently undergone a long - term single - group evaluation indicating significant
reductions in the risks associated with
child maltreatment.64 Circle
of Parents, © another well - known support group intervention, is beginning to develop an evidentiary base (although the research conducted so far would not yet lift this program into the group generally known as «promising practices»).65
Conclusions Although findings are at best mixed with respect to the effectiveness
of home - visiting programs in preventing
child neglect, evidence is mounting that these programs can positively alter parenting practices and, to a lesser extent,
children's cognitive development.121 Given the many measurement problems associated with accurately tracking substantiated cases
of abuse and neglect, what is needed is not more evaluations
of CPS reports attempting to show
reductions in
child abuse and neglect, but rather the development
of new measures by which researchers can make sensitive and accurate assessments
of child maltreatment.
The effect
of the nurses and paraprofessionals on responsive mother -
child interaction indicates that the program was operating as intended in helping parents provide more sensitive and responsive care for their
children, which is thought to promote secure attachment and healthy emotional and behavioral development.49 The
reductions in subsequent pregnancies and increases in interpregnancy intervals are particularly important as short interpregnancy intervals increase the risk
of child maltreatment (including infant homicide among teen parents) 50 and compromise families» economic self - sufficiency.51
However, for both
child abuse and parent stress, the average effect sizes were not different from zero, suggesting a lack
of evidence for effects in these areas.108 Earlier meta - analytic reviews have also noted the lack
of sizable effects in preventing
child maltreatment — again citing the different intensity
of surveillance
of families in the treatment versus control groups as an explanation (though the authors did report that home visiting was associated with an approximately 25 percent
reduction in the rate
of childhood injuries).109 Another review focusing on the quality
of the home environment also found evidence for a significant overall effect
of home - visiting programs.110 More recently, Harriet MacMillan and colleagues published a review
of interventions to prevent
child maltreatment, and identified the Nurse - Family Partnership and Early Start programs as the most effective with regard to preventing
maltreatment and childhood injuries.
For example, a review on prevention
of maltreatment and associated impairment concluded that programs delivered by paraprofessional home visitors were not effective in reducing
child protection reports or associated impairments whereas those delivered by nurses evidenced
reductions in
child maltreatment.8
Studies
of HFA, NFP, and PAT find effects for certain subgroups
of their samples, but show no overall impact
of program participation on
reductions in
child maltreatment.
What is the evidence
of effectiveness
of home visiting to increase protective factors associated with
reductions in the risk
of child maltreatment?
Although an NFP study conducted when
children were 4 years old showed no effect, 18 another study found
reductions in substantiated reports
of child maltreatment 15 years after enrollment.19 Across a number
of HFA studies there was no evidence
of near - term effects on substantiated reports, 20,21,22,23 and there were no longer - term follow - up studies.
What is the evidence
of effectiveness
of home visiting to increase positive parenting practices associated with
reductions in the risk
of child maltreatment?
The program
of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses, tested with a primarily white sample, produced a 48 percent treatment - control difference in the overall rates
of substantiated rates
of child abuse and neglect (irrespective
of risk) and an 80 percent difference for families in which the mothers were low - income and unmarried at registration.21 Corresponding rates
of child maltreatment were too low to serve as a viable outcome in a subsequent trial
of the program in a large sample
of urban African - Americans, 20 but program effects on
children's health - care encounters for serious injuries and ingestions at
child age 2 and
reductions in childhood mortality from preventable causes at
child age 9 were consistent with the prevention
of abuse and neglect.20, 22
Professor Prinz argues that the parenting - focused aspects
of child maltreatment prevention can extend beyond the original goal, including the prevention
of childhood social, emotional, and behavioural problems; the
reduction of risk for adverse adolescent outcomes (such as substance use, delinquency and academic failure); and parental engagement for school readiness.
A recent review offers ambiguous support for the relation between home visitation and
reductions in
child maltreatment.2 The findings from several large - scale home - visitation efforts have shown disappointing short - term results in reducing family violence and
child maltreatment.4, 9 A 15 - year follow - up study
of the Elmira trial families, however, provided the first evidence from a randomized trial for the long - term effects
of home visitation on reducing
child maltreatment.10 Results from the follow - up showed that nurse - visited families had half as many
child maltreatment reports as families in the comparison group.
Five programs showed favorable effects in some aspect
of child maltreatment reduction: (1) Child FIRST showed a favorable effect on family involvement with child protective services53; (2) Early Start on 2 measures, including the percentage who went to the hospital for accident, injury, or accidental poisoning, and parents» report of severe or very severe physical assault25, 26; (3) EHS had a favorable effect on physical punishment at 36 months66; (4) HFA showed 14 favorable impacts on measures of parenting behaviors, such as corporal punishment, self - reported serious physical abuse, and aggression, 30,50,67 — 69 and 1 measure of the biological mother as a confirmed subject of sexual abuse report by the child's seventh birthday50; and (5) NFP had favorable effects on 7 measures, including health care encounters for injuries or ingestions and substantiated abuse or neglect 15 years after program enrollment.34, 35,42,70,71 One program, Healthy Steps, showed no effect on 1 measure in this doma
child maltreatment reduction: (1)
Child FIRST showed a favorable effect on family involvement with child protective services53; (2) Early Start on 2 measures, including the percentage who went to the hospital for accident, injury, or accidental poisoning, and parents» report of severe or very severe physical assault25, 26; (3) EHS had a favorable effect on physical punishment at 36 months66; (4) HFA showed 14 favorable impacts on measures of parenting behaviors, such as corporal punishment, self - reported serious physical abuse, and aggression, 30,50,67 — 69 and 1 measure of the biological mother as a confirmed subject of sexual abuse report by the child's seventh birthday50; and (5) NFP had favorable effects on 7 measures, including health care encounters for injuries or ingestions and substantiated abuse or neglect 15 years after program enrollment.34, 35,42,70,71 One program, Healthy Steps, showed no effect on 1 measure in this doma
Child FIRST showed a favorable effect on family involvement with
child protective services53; (2) Early Start on 2 measures, including the percentage who went to the hospital for accident, injury, or accidental poisoning, and parents» report of severe or very severe physical assault25, 26; (3) EHS had a favorable effect on physical punishment at 36 months66; (4) HFA showed 14 favorable impacts on measures of parenting behaviors, such as corporal punishment, self - reported serious physical abuse, and aggression, 30,50,67 — 69 and 1 measure of the biological mother as a confirmed subject of sexual abuse report by the child's seventh birthday50; and (5) NFP had favorable effects on 7 measures, including health care encounters for injuries or ingestions and substantiated abuse or neglect 15 years after program enrollment.34, 35,42,70,71 One program, Healthy Steps, showed no effect on 1 measure in this doma
child protective services53; (2) Early Start on 2 measures, including the percentage who went to the hospital for accident, injury, or accidental poisoning, and parents» report
of severe or very severe physical assault25, 26; (3) EHS had a favorable effect on physical punishment at 36 months66; (4) HFA showed 14 favorable impacts on measures
of parenting behaviors, such as corporal punishment, self - reported serious physical abuse, and aggression, 30,50,67 — 69 and 1 measure
of the biological mother as a confirmed subject
of sexual abuse report by the
child's seventh birthday50; and (5) NFP had favorable effects on 7 measures, including health care encounters for injuries or ingestions and substantiated abuse or neglect 15 years after program enrollment.34, 35,42,70,71 One program, Healthy Steps, showed no effect on 1 measure in this doma
child's seventh birthday50; and (5) NFP had favorable effects on 7 measures, including health care encounters for injuries or ingestions and substantiated abuse or neglect 15 years after program enrollment.34, 35,42,70,71 One program, Healthy Steps, showed no effect on 1 measure in this domain.65
Five
of the evidence - based programs showed improvements in
reductions in
child maltreatment, measured in different ways, including substantiated reports and parents» self - report
of behaviors.
Prevention
of Child Maltreatment in High - Risk Rural Families: A Randomized Clinical Trial With Child Welfare Outcomes Silovsky, Bard, Chaffin, Hecht, Burris, Owora, et al. (2011) Children and Youth Services Review, 33 (8) View Abstract Shares results from a randomized clinical trial of SafeCare ® training augmented for rural high - risk population, and compares them to standard home - based mental health services to examine reductions in future child maltreatment reports, as well as risk factors and factors similar to child maltreat
Child Maltreatment in High - Risk Rural Families: A Randomized Clinical Trial With Child Welfare Outcomes Silovsky, Bard, Chaffin, Hecht, Burris, Owora, et al. (2011) Children and Youth Services Review, 33 (8) View Abstract Shares results from a randomized clinical trial of SafeCare ® training augmented for rural high - risk population, and compares them to standard home - based mental health services to examine reductions in future child maltreatment reports, as well as risk factors and factors similar to child m
Maltreatment in High - Risk Rural Families: A Randomized Clinical Trial With
Child Welfare Outcomes Silovsky, Bard, Chaffin, Hecht, Burris, Owora, et al. (2011) Children and Youth Services Review, 33 (8) View Abstract Shares results from a randomized clinical trial of SafeCare ® training augmented for rural high - risk population, and compares them to standard home - based mental health services to examine reductions in future child maltreatment reports, as well as risk factors and factors similar to child maltreat
Child Welfare Outcomes Silovsky, Bard, Chaffin, Hecht, Burris, Owora, et al. (2011)
Children and Youth Services Review, 33 (8) View Abstract Shares results from a randomized clinical trial
of SafeCare ® training augmented for rural high - risk population, and compares them to standard home - based mental health services to examine
reductions in future
child maltreatment reports, as well as risk factors and factors similar to child maltreat
child maltreatment reports, as well as risk factors and factors similar to child m
maltreatment reports, as well as risk factors and factors similar to
child maltreat
child maltreatmentmaltreatment.
The studies demonstrated very good results, found that «dosage matters» (i. e., longer programs make a difference), and demonstrated a favorable cost - savings analysis indicating that the State should be able to absorb virtually all costs
of statewide delivery
of the NPP 0 - 5 program through
reductions in
child maltreatment.
(ii) Prevention
of child injuries,
child abuse, neglect, or
maltreatment, and
reduction of emergency department visits.
Parents» self - reports provide a powerful measure
of child maltreatment; several rigorous studies show
reductions in harsh parenting, neglect, physical abuse, and psychological abuse measured from one to seven years and increased use
of non-violent discipline.
33 %
reduction in the rate
of substantiated
child maltreatment (10.9 cases
of substantiated
child maltreatment each year per 1,000
children age 0 - 8 in Triple P counties vs. 16.3 cases in control counties).
13 - 33 %
reductions in county - wide rates
of child maltreatment, hospital visits for
maltreatment injuries, and foster - care placements for
children age 0 - 8, two years after random assignment.
Randomized controlled trial
of the full system as implemented county - wide shows sizable
reductions in
child maltreatment and foster care placements.