Carr and his colleagues have already begun eliminating
redundant codons from the genome of E. coli.
Carr says this should be completed within the next few months, after which he hopes to start replacing another 12
redundant codons.
To make a bacterium completely virus - proof will probably require replacing tens of thousands of
redundant codons, he says, as well as modifying the protein - making factories so they no longer recognise these codons.