Sentences with phrase «reflectivity as»

It is also unsound to treat measures that reduce average temperature by increasing reflectivity as physically equivalent to moderating greenhouse gas concentrations.

This «simple physics» model becomes a bit more complex when we factor - in the «positive feedbacks» — changes in reflectivity as snow and ice melt; as vegetation shifts; etc..

14 February, 2018 — Think of reflectivity as down - to - earth geoengineering.

This is primarily due to the increase in the Earth's reflectivity as large ice sheets form.

That is until the surface is covered by snow, which being about the same reflectivity as clouds, cancels the decrease in the incident power so that the net effect is to trap surface warmth.

The study's results suggest the ice sheet hasn't lost as much reflectivity as previously thought, and that black carbon and dust concentrations haven't increased significantly and are thus not responsible for darkening on the upper ice sheet.

Not exact matches

Only with regard to the Oliners» third type, the principled orientation, do we get attention to the level of reflectivity and autonomy exercised by persons choosing rescue activity as an expression of their duty in relation to the demands of equity and justice, or their duty in relation to the imperative to care.

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But just as the noise from other bar patrons can still drown out a conversation even if the music is muted, researchers are unable to control for other things that affect reflectivity, such as widespread snowfall, or the effect an El Niño year might have on cloud formation.

The problem, Seidel explained, is that the Earth's reflectivity (also known as albedo), and thus the radiation coming off of it, can vary a lot.

The research showed that, compared to pure snow and ice, the reflectivity of the glacier (known as the «albedo») can be reduced by up to 80 % in places where coloured microbial populations are extremely dense, leading to the darkening of the glacier surface.

Black carbon aerosols — particles of carbon that rise into the atmosphere when biomass, agricultural waste, and fossil fuels are burned in an incomplete way — are important for understanding climate change, as they absorb sunlight, leading to higher atmospheric temperatures, and can also coat Arctic snow with a darker layer, reducing its reflectivity and leading to increased melting.

Two properties dominate reflectivity in dry snow — the size of snow grains, which become larger and more absorbent as they melt, and the presence of dark impurities that absorb the sun's energy, predominantly black carbon and mineral dust, which also cause the snow to melt faster.

The apparent decline is greatest around the ice sheet's edges, but it also is occurring in the high elevation interior known as the dry snow zone, where the reflectivity is effectively reset each winter by new snowfall.

The surface's reflectivity, which scientists call albedo, could decrease by as much as 10 percent by the end of the century, the study finds.

Some of the strategies proposed by authors, such as improving the «urban albedo» — or a city's reflectivity — could have unintended consequences such as glare, he noted.

Besides showing pretty views, EPIC provides scientists with metrics on climate such as cloud height, ultraviolet reflectivity, or ozone and aerosol levels.

The infrared findings indicated that UB313 has a reflectivity, or albedo, of about 60 percent, which is similar to Pluto's and suggested that the two bodies have surfaces are made of very similar materials such as frozen methane and nitrogen snow at a temperature of -248 °C or -418 °F.

Architectural features like the the reflectivity of the canopy in the glass exterior show the design as not being absorbed by or just merely fixed to the side of another structure, but it gives it greater reach and depth.

They added that field experiences should not only enable teacher candidates to observe teaching as practiced by experienced teachers but also to practice reflectivity.

As on other tablets with bonded displays — including Barnes & Noble's Nook Tablet, Acer's Iconia Tab A700, Toshiba's Excite 7.7, and Google's Nexus 7 — the process eliminates the pesky air gap that causes greater reflectivity and reduced contrast.

And as on other tablets with bonded displays — including the 7 - inch Kindle Fire HD, the Barnes & Noble Nook HD, the Acer Iconia Tab A700, the Toshiba Excite 7.7, and the Google Nexus 7 — the process eliminates the pesky air gap that causes greater reflectivity and reduced contrast.

The performance of E Ink's e-paper displays has been doubling with each successive generation — about every 18 months — and «dynamic range reflectivity» (what we think of as contrast in an emissive display such as an LCD) has been doubling as well.

Pixel Qi is the single most revolutionary LCD screen technology, adding the benefits of low power, reflectivity, long form and outdoor readability all the while providing a switch on the side of the device to provide full color backlight mode to the screen as well.

Combining PolyBrite's patented polymer / LED technology together with reflective stitching and sheeting, PolyBrite products improve safety by providing users with high - intensity illumination as well as reflectivity.

Typical changes include attenuation of the blood vessels of the retina, increased reflectivity of the tapetal layer as a result of retinal thinning and atrophy of the optic disc.

It is not unusual to see a thin halo of altered reflectivity or conus papillaris around the optic nerve head as seen in B and C. (D — F) Stage 1 is characterized by multifocal red or brown discoloration of the tapetal fundus (arrows).

The reflectivity of your silver paintings especially emphasizes the unfixed nature of things; do you think of them as having one preferred point of view?

Night (1947 - 2015) will focus on mid-career and established sculptors who work with themes raised by Giacometti's vanished artwork — themes such as unreliability, looping, curving, reflectivity, and doubt, all of which provide a counterpoint to Johnson's transparent temple.

Lush pigmentation and supreme reflectivity combine in John McCracken's lacquered sculptures to create bold objects which paradoxically melt into their environment by acting as mirrors.

Pauley pushes the boundaries of stonework utilizing the natural reflectivity of polished stone to project his engravings as light and shadow onto photosensitive paper, capturing the image almost photographically.

At the end of his career, in 2011, McCracken returned to the original plank form, but fabricated in a stainless steel and polished to such a high degree of reflectivity that the works seem translucent and camouflaged, bordering on invisibility as they reflect their surroundings.

Even in the absence of huge amounts of carbon dioxide as a forcing mechanism, he said, there still appear to be trigger points that, once passed, can produce rapid warming through feedbacks such as changes in sea ice and the reflectivity of the Earth's surface.

Because a thin layer of snow is just as reflective as a thick layer, the reflectivity effect depends more on the seasonal distribution of snowfall than the annual average amount.

Note that if the N hemisphere snow becomes a permanent ice pack, the extra reflectivity provides all the «amplification» needed to explain the ice core records, as forced from incident solar energy.

We will now be able to measure and track Sun - induced space weather as well as global climactic trends in ozone levels, aerosols, vegetation, volcanic ash, and Earth reflectivity, all in high resolution; just the kind of data our civilization needs to make informed cultural, political, and scientific decisions that affect our future.

This is known as albedo (whiteness) modification, because we would be modifying the Earth's reflectivity.

Emissions such as sulfate either help increase the reflectivity and extent of cloud cover over the Earth or scatter sunlight directly.

Of those that serve as cloud nuclei, some increase the reflectivity of the clouds, while others decrease it.

Its warming effect, however, is simultaneously amplified and dampened by positive and negative feedbacks such as increased water vapor (the most powerful greenhouse gas), reduced albedo, which is a measure of Earth's reflectivity, changes in cloud characteristics, and CO2 exchanges with the ocean and terrestrial ecosystems.

As the earth's natural air conditioner, white sea ice moderates solar heating by increasing the reflectivity of Earth's surface and decreasing the amount of heat that would otherwise by absorbed by darker ice - free Arctic seas.

Such proposals often involve sulfates, particles that form in the stratosphere from sulfur dioxide ejected by volcanoes, or other molecules with high reflectivity, such as diamond dust or alumina (aluminum oxide).

But with several factors combining to increase temperatures in Greenland and reduce the reflectivity of the snow and ice cover, the ice sheet is becoming less efficient at reflecting that heat energy, and as a consequence melt seasons are becoming more severe.

In a new study, Box and a team of researchers describe the decline in ice sheet reflectivity and the reasons behind it, noting that if current trends continue, the area of ice that melts during the summer season is likely to expand to cover all of Greenland for the first time in the observational record, rather than just the lower elevations at the edges of the continent, as is the case today.

Freshly fallen snow reflects up to 84 percent of incoming sunlight, but during the warm season the reflectivity declines as the ice grains within the snowpack change shape and size.

Trend in the reflectivity of high elevation ice in Greenland, showing the record low as of June 26, 2012.

As the snow gets dirtier, its reflectivity decreases, and it melts faster, which causes a positive feedback loop, said the study's lead author, Marco Tedesco, a glaciologist at Columbia University's Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, N.Y.

Cloud droplets scatter visible wavelengths impartially (hence, clouds usually appear white) but very efficiently, so the reflectivity of clouds to solar radiation is typically about 50 percent and may be as high as 80 percent for thick clouds.

After a weeklong delay in data availability from a 61st satellite maneuver in 13 years to makeup low earth orbit drag, we find Greenland ice reflectivity (a.k.a. albedo) returning toward higher values, evidence of fresh snowfall accumulation and accompanying lower temperatures now as the melt season approaches its end.

For instance, researchers still don't completely understand the role of aerosols in the atmosphere, the variable effects of clouds at different heights, and the influence of feedback mechanisms such as the changing reflectivity of the Earth's surface and the release of gases from permafrost or deep seabeds.