Sentences with phrase «regional scale using»

«We will evaluate these responses for the first time at a regional scale using remotely sensed indicators of vegetation condition and fire - induced tree mortality to measure the response of floodplain forests to inter-annual flood variability and extreme climate events,» said Marcia Macedo, a research associate at the Woods Hole Research Center.

Not exact matches

Using our interactive models, we find that using our $ 43 target as a take - out price, fairly conservative deal structures and synergy assumptions could result in an accretive deal for direct peers or regional banks, although given the more obvious scale synergies possible with peers the accretion potential would seem higher for that gUsing our interactive models, we find that using our $ 43 target as a take - out price, fairly conservative deal structures and synergy assumptions could result in an accretive deal for direct peers or regional banks, although given the more obvious scale synergies possible with peers the accretion potential would seem higher for that gusing our $ 43 target as a take - out price, fairly conservative deal structures and synergy assumptions could result in an accretive deal for direct peers or regional banks, although given the more obvious scale synergies possible with peers the accretion potential would seem higher for that group.

A state payroll tax has already been used on a regional scale to benefit the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and suburban taxpayers.

Recent regional scale analyses using satellite - based vegetation indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index have found extensive areas of dryland greening in areas of the Mediterranean, the Sahel, the Middle East and northern China, as well as greening trends in Mongolia and South America, according to the paper.

Further observations will be used to refine the global map, to construct local and regional digital elevation models for scientific analysis and aid in assessment of future landing sites, and to attempt to detect and characterize global - scale seasonal variations.

To solve this problem, Pielke suggested measuring environmental variables from a regional scale up to a global scale as a more inclusive way to assess environmental risks than the top - down approach used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

«The climate projections were created using different downscaling methods, but the projected changes in climate among them are similar at the regional scale.»

The analysis uses methods that have already been peer - reviewed, including examining the change in occurrence of such extreme rains in the historical record and in climate models, as well as using finer - scale regional climate models to compare the current climate to one without warming.

What's Next: PNNL scientists are using a regional model at a much finer scale than conventional climate models to understand the processes that determine the time - scales of MJO and the roles of various types of clouds in its energy cycle.

Here we use basin - scale climate indices and regional surface temperatures to estimate loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting at a variety of spatial and temporal scales.

We used general linear models to estimate annual nesting at two spatial scales relevant to conservation management [31]- local and regional nesting surveys.

The study used IIASA's GAINS model, along with emissions reports from countries, to calculate sulfur dioxide emissions for the entire world on a detailed regional scale.

Emphasis lies in comparing regional - scale reconstructions of environmental and climatic processes using natural archives, documentary and instrumental data, with evidence of past human activity obtained from historical, paleoecological and archaeological records.

However, many practical challenges remained in the way of it becoming a successful production tool for use in our game Horizon Zero Dawn: authoring cloudscapes on a regional scale, animation and transitions, integration into our atmospheric system, further optimization to pay for these new features, and the task of creating a language and long term plan for what we want to achieve in the context of our game engine, Decima.

For the exhibition, YBCA commissions local, regional and international artists to use the literal aspects of YBCA's architectural space, built in 1993 by acclaimed architect Fumihiko Maki, as a starting point to create new large - scale works directly on the walls of both its galleries and its public spaces.

We find (i) measurements at all scales show that official inventories consistently underestimate actual CH4 [methane] emissions, with the natural gas and oil sectors as important contributors; (ii) many independent experiments suggest that a small number of «super-emitters» could be responsible for a large fraction of leakage; (iii) recent regional atmospheric studies with very high emissions rates are unlikely to be representative of typical natural gas system leakage rates; and (iv) assessments using 100 - year impact indicators show system - wide leakage is unlikely to be large enough to negate climate benefits of coal - to - natural gas substitution.

It allows excess thermal energy to be collected for later use, hours, days or many months later, at individual building, multiuser building, district, town or even regional scale depending on the specific technology.

Many studies have now been published, and many more presented at national scientific meetings, on methane emissions using techniques which capture the emissions at regional scales and do not require industry permission to sample.

Alaska Arctic Tundra CH4 Flux Study — Impacts of AGW / CC Published 8 - Jan 2018 Estimating regional - scale methane flux and budgets using CARVE aircraft measurements over Alaska Conclusions Analysis of CH4 column enhancements supplemented by simulated atmospheric transport allowed us to estimate the monthly - mean CH4 fluxes from our study domain (50 — 75 N, 130 — 170 W).

The new revision 3 (Easterling et al. 1996) data represent the best available data from the United States for analyzing long - term climate trends on a regional scale and may be used for studies attempting to determine the climatic impacts of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.

Most studies omit two forcings that could have significant effects, particularly at regional scales, namely carbonaceous aerosols and land use changes.

We quantify sea - level commitment in the baseline case by building on Levermann et al. (10), who used physical simulations to model the SLR within a 2,000 - y envelope as the sum of the contributions of (i) ocean thermal expansion, based on six coupled climate models; (ii) mountain glacier and ice cap melting, based on surface mass balance and simplified ice dynamic models; (iii) Greenland ice sheet decay, based on a coupled regional climate model and ice sheet dynamic model; and (iv) Antarctic ice sheet decay, based on a continental - scale model parameterizing grounding line ice flux in relation to temperature.

Using this approach, we prove that changes in climatic and hydrological parameters at global and regional scales are directly or indirectly reflected in sea - level regime.

Climate models are also used on regional scales in attempts to figure out way climate models don't perform well on regional scales.

This presentation will discuss the use of synthesis science by both the SEARCH Permafrost Action Team and Permafrost Carbon Network to identify and understand the widespread implications of changing permafrost at both regional and local scales.

Addressing this topic requires first determining patterns of economic development in the Arctic at a regional scale, which are shown for the past two decades using night light satellite imagery.

While regional climate downscaling yields higher spatial resolution, the downscaling is strongly dependent on the lateral boundary conditions and the methods used to constrain the regional climate model variables to the coarser spatial scale information from the parent global models.

Statistical downscaling is based on relationships linking large - scale atmospheric variables from either GCMs or RCMs (predictors) and local / regional climate variables (predictands) using observations.

The assumption of a global annual average increase in the coming decades +1 C and +2 C, is of little use in defining changes in climate impacts at the regional and local scale, which are so dependent in how large scale circulation features would change in the coming decades.

As they have matured, climate models are being increasingly used to provide decision - relevant information to end users and policy makers, whose needs are helping define the focus of model development in terms of increasing prediction skill on regional and decadal time scales.

The inability of global climate models to match the timing or placement of short - term or regional precipitation patterns such as the West African monsoon may be alleviated by «downscaling» to use smaller scale climate models with increased area resolution.

Within the confines of our work with RASM and CESM, we will: (i) quantify the added value of using regional models for downscaling arctic simulations from global models, (ii) address the impacts of high resolution, improved process representations and coupling between model components on predictions at seasonal to decadal time scales, (iii) identify the most important processes essential for inclusion in future high resolution GC / ESMs, e.g. ACME, using CESM as a test bed, and (iv) better quantify the relationship between skill and uncertainty in the Arctic Region for high fidelity models.

NorACIA have both used the facts from the IPCC and local data and scaled down global climate models to regional effects.»

Proxy - based reconstructions of past climate provide insights into externally forced and intrinsic variability over regional to global scales and can be used to place recent trends in a long - term context.

Methodological advances since the TAR have focused on exploring the effects of different ways of downscaling from the climate model scale to the catchment scale (e.g., Wood et al., 2004), the use of regional climate models to create scenarios or drive hydrological models (e.g., Arnell et al., 2003; Shabalova et al., 2003; Andreasson et al., 2004; Meleshko et al., 2004; Payne et al., 2004; Kay et al., 2006b; Fowler et al., 2007; Graham et al., 2007a, b; Prudhomme and Davies, 2007), ways of applying scenarios to observed climate data (Drogue et al., 2004), and the effect of hydrological model uncertainty on estimated impacts of climate change (Arnell, 2005).

NEON is designed to enable the research community to ask and address their own questions on a regional to continental scale around the environmental challenges identified as relevant to understanding the effects of climate change, land - use change and invasive species patterns on the biosphere.

Key remaining uncertainties relate to the precise magnitude and nature of changes at global, and particularly regional, scales, and especially for extreme events and our ability to simulate and attribute such changes using climate models.

The most critical shortcomings of the assessment are the attempt to extrapolate global - scale projections down to regional and sub-regional scales and to use two models which provide divergent projections for key climate elements.»

One approach to this problem is «downscaling,» a procedure in which climate changes in large - scale atmosphere and ocean conditions predicted by a global model are used as input to a fine - scale regional model that does resolve tropical cyclones.

Furthermore, regionalisation techniques that make use of information from AOGCM and RCM experiments to enhance spatial and temporal scales introduce additional uncertainties into regional climate scenarios (their various advantages and diasdvantages are assessed in Chapter 10 and in Section 13.4).

However, the need to define outside influences on land use in regional - scale models, such as global trade, remains a challenge (e.g., Sands and Edmonds, 2005; Alcamo et al., 2006b), so IAMs have an important role to play in characterising the global boundary conditions for regional land - use change assessments (van Meijl et al., 2006).

Regional - scale land - use models often adopt a two - phase (nested scale) approach with an assessment of aggregate quantities of land use for the entire region followed by «downscaling» procedures to create regional land - use patterns (see Box 2.7 for examples).

In order to test a possible CR - cloud connection, Sun & Bradley (2002) made use of long - term surface - based cloud data over land from national weather services at regional scales, and over ocean from observing ships over an approximately 50 year period from the datasets of Groisman et al. (2000) and Hahn & Warren (1999).

I don't regard the flightpath stabilization policy strategy as being of much use, especially on time scales out to 5 hours, which is the more relevant time frame for most regional carriers.

There is also possible regional distributed use of of small scale nuclear reactors (DEER) that seem unconditionally safe and also minimize long range power transmission needs.

Process - based studies have focused on understanding the role of the land surface on climate, with research looking into the regional impact of historical or hypothetical (future scenario) land - use change on climate, as well as understanding diurnal - scale relationships between surface fluxes of heat and moisture and subsequent atmospheric processes such as convection and the generation of precipitation.

Lower case a-h refer to how the literature was addressed in terms of up / downscaling (a — clearly defined global impact for a specific ΔT against a specific baseline, upscaling not necessary; b — clearly defined regional impact at a specific regional ΔT where no GCM used; c — clearly defined regional impact as a result of specific GCM scenarios but study only used the regional ΔT; d — as c but impacts also the result of regional precipitation changes; e — as b but impacts also the result of regional precipitation change; f — regional temperature change is off - scale for upscaling with available GCM patterns to 2100, in which case upscaling is, where possible, approximated by using Figures 10.5 and 10.8 from Meehl et al., 2007; g — studies which estimate the range of possible outcomes in a given location or region considering a multi-model ensemble linked to a global temperature change.

Climate change was assessed by means of two Long Ashton Research Station - Weather Generator (LARS - WG) weather generators and all outputs from the available general circulation models in the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse - gas Induced Climate Change - SCENario GENerator (MAGICC - SCENGEN) software, in combination with different emission scenarios at the regional scale, while the Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) model has been used for projections at the local scale.

The effects of land - use change on species through landscape fragmentation at the regional scale may further exacerbate impacts from climate change (Holman et al., 2005a; Del Barrio et al., 2006; Harrison et al., 2006; Rounsevell et al., 2006).

Different approaches have been used to compute the mean rate of 20th century global mean sea level (GMSL) rise from the available tide gauge data: computing average rates from only very long, nearly continuous records; using more numerous but shorter records and filters to separate nonlinear trends from decadal - scale quasi-periodic variability; neural network methods; computing regional sea level for specific basins then averaging; or projecting tide gauge records onto empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) computed from modern altimetry or EOFs from ocean models.