Sentences with phrase «regulated by membrane»

Thus, distribution and mobility of specific lipid species at the plasma membrane appears to precisely regulated by membrane - associated proteins.

Not exact matches

Fermentation by intestinal probiotics leads to enhanced production of short - chain fatty acids, including butyrate, which is a major energy source for the intestinal cell membrane; propionate, which is involved in regulating cholesterol; and acetate, which is involved in cholesterol synthesis.

It was commissioned by Roderick MacKinnon, who shared the Nobel prize in 2003 for his work describing the structural and mechanistic properties of such channels, which are tunnels that regulate the flow of ions across cellular membranes.

The synaptic vesicle protein that mediates membrane fusion during exocytosis also regulates the rate and extent of this process by controlling vesicle tethering.

«This is the first drug molecule that can regulate memory loss by directly blocking ions from leaking through nerve cell membranes,» said Ratnesh Lal, a professor of bioengineering at the University of California San Diego and co-senior author of the study.

However, endocytic waves may be initiated by clathrin through a positive feedback mechanism between clathrin and downstream proteins which includes actin regulating proteins as well as membrane proteins such as PIP3.

These cell activities are regulated by proteins normally found at the cell's membrane.

Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized by membranes, whose shape and dynamics are precisely regulated to maintain their correct functions.

Arterial tone is regulated in large part by the influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium (CaV channels, which are found in the membranes of excitable cells throughout the body.

Voltage - dependent potassium ion (K +) channels (Kv channels) conduct K + ions across the cell membrane in response to changes in the membrane voltage, thereby regulating neuronal excitability by modulating the shape and frequency of action potentials.

OPTN may act by regulating membrane trafficking and cellular morphogenesis via a complex that contains Rab8 and hungtingtin (HD).

The extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane is not characterized by unique molecular targets but by overexpressed antigens that are relatively down regulated in healthy cells.

Dysferlin regulates cell membrane repair by facilitating injury - triggered acid sphingomyelinase secretion.

Living cells are surrounded by a membrane that tightly regulates what gets in and out of the cell.

Targeting of the FYVE domain to endosomal membranes is regulated by a histidine switch.

Bif - 1 regulates Atg9 trafficking by mediating the fission of Golgi membranes during autophagy.

The intrinsic pathway drives cell death by permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane and is regulated by the Bcl - 2 oncogene family of pro- and antiapoptotic factors.

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting

More recently, Drs. Goldstein and Brown discovered the SREBP family of membrane - bound transcription factors and the elucidation of the proteolytic pathway by which the SREBPs become activated to regulate lipid metabolism.

Dietary fibre modifications that are low in fat and glucose reduce the risk for AD by not only effecting cell membranes and nutrient sensing G coupled receptors but also by regulating number of nuclear receptors such as histone deacetylases (HDAC) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) that control glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol and have significant effects on the brain cholesterol homeostasis and amyloidosis.