Sentences with phrase «related cohort effect»
They found a clear age - related cohort effect: «No difference can be found within the younger generation — people who had either not been born at the time of the Fall of the Berlin Wall, or had not yet reached school - age, and who therefore grew up within the same western society.
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An additional recent analysis of the ACS cohort evaluated the health effects of ozone compared with PM2.5.87 The findings reconfirmed the independent cardiovascular mortality increase related to fine - particle exposure.
A potential explanation for the secular trend may be that while improved treatment for cardiovascular risk factors or complicating diseases has reduced mortality in all weight classes, the effects may have been greater at higher BMI levels than at lower BMI levels.12 Because obesity is a causal risk factor for hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and dyslipidemia,15,19 - 22 obese individuals may have had a higher selective decrease in mortality.18 Indirect evidence of this effect is seen in the findings as the deaths occur at similar time periods in the 3 cohorts, but cohorts recruited at later periods have an increase in the BMI associated with the lowest mortality, possibly suggesting a period effect related to changes in clinical practice, such as improved treatments, or general public health status, such as decreased smoking or increased physical activity.
Indeed, unlike animal protein, plant protein has not been associated with increased insulinlike growth factor 1 levels28, 29 and has been linked to lower blood pressure,30 - 32 reduced low - density lipoprotein levels,32 - 34 and improved insulin sensitivity.35 Substitution of plant protein for animal protein has been related to a lower incidence of CVD36 - 39 and type 2 diabetes.40 - 42 Moreover, although a high intake of red meat, particularly processed red meat, has been associated with increased mortality in a recent meta - analysis of 13 cohort studies, 43 high consumption of nuts, a major contributor to plant protein, has been associated lower CVD and all - cause mortality.44 These results underscore the importance of protein sources for risk assessment and suggest that other components in protein - rich foods (eg, sodium, 45 nitrates, and nitrites46 in processed red meat), in addition to protein per se, may have a critical health effect.
«We've also looked at incorporating elements of Indigenous and other cultures that relate to students in our cohort... a place where our science students can do cultural investigations — they might decide to grow something or see the effects of something, look at hydroponics or aquaponics.
Results from regressions censored by respondent groups and financial literacy topic areas suggest that the decline is not related to cohort effects or differences in gender or educational attainment.
Age and ethnicity differences appear to reflect cohort effects related to the impact of economic hardship on families earlier this century and racial prejudice.