Sentences with phrase «relationship of human activities»

Not exact matches

The resurrection of Christ is a way of affirming that God has received into his own life all that the historical event, designated when we say «Jesus Christ», has included: — his human existence as teacher and prophet, as crucified man upon his cross, in continuing relationship of others with him after that death, and also what has happened as a consequence of his presence and activity in the world.

If the fashion in which the basic New Testament proclamation has been interpreted in the preceding chapter has validity, then talk of the resurrection of Christ is a way of affirming that God has received into his own life all that the historical event, designated when we say «Jesus Christ», has included: his human existence as teacher and prophet, as crucified man upon his cross, in continuing relationship of others with him after that death, and along with this what has happened in consequence of his presence and activity in the world.

Confined within the geometrically restricted surface of the globe, which is steadily reduced as their own radius of activity increases, the human particles do not merely multiply in numbers at an increasing rate, but through contact with one another automatically develop around themselves an ever denser tangle of economic and social relationships.

The book suggests ways that Muslims may liberalize Islam through what she calls «operation ijtihad,» an ambitious initiative that would empower more Muslim women economically, align Islamic human rights codes with those of the modern world, reform radio and television outlets, create a less militant paradigm for the relationship between mosque and state, incorporate more democracy into the Muslim world and allow for engagement in interfaith activity.

Only certain kinds of human activities, relationships, and patterns of organization are possible, and the moral order is an expression of these various structures together with principles upon which certain preferences may be established among them.

The human expression of sexuality is always indicative of the personal quality of those who engage in such activity; and sexual acts which help to develop genuine personal life, but without destroying or damaging healthy human social relationships, must be evaluated in terms of the tenderness, mutuality, and faithfulness they display, even if they may seem to violate some inherited code.

We may conclude, then, that goal - setting and purposive activity is a fundamental factor in cultural evolution, and that final causes — in the form of externalized teleologies — play a significant role in the activities and social relationships of human beings.

The relationships between human and nature enhance the quality of life and that becomes the primary focus of God's transforming activity When there is a rupture or distortion in this relationship, there peace is denied.

In animal models, exposure to cigarette smoke or nicotine during fetal development alters the expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in areas of the brainstem important for autonomic function, 28 alters the neuronal excitability of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (a brainstem region important for sensory integration), 29 and alters fetal autonomic activity and medullary neurotransmitter receptors.30 In human infants, there are strong associations between nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and serotonin receptors in the brainstem during development.31 Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke attenuates recovery from hypoxia in preterm infants, 32 decreases heart rate variability in preterm33 and term34 infants, and abolishes the normal relationship between heart rate and gestational age at birth.33 Moreover, infants of smoking mothers exhibit impaired arousal patterns to trigeminal stimulation in proportion to urinary cotinine levels.35 It is important to note also that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke alters the normal programming of cardiovascular reflexes such that there is a greater - than - expected increase in blood pressure and heart rate in response to breathing 4 % carbon dioxide or a 60 ° head - up tilt.36 These changes in autonomic function, arousal, and cardiovascular reflexes might all increase an infant's vulnerability to SIDS.

«The complex relationships among climate, ecology, and human activities reveal the overwhelming influence of people on the loss of woodlands.

«That may be because when the brain is focused on processing new information — such as taking part in an unfamiliar activity with unfamiliar people in a new location — less «brain power» is available to focus on the family relationships,» said lead author Karen K. Melton, Ph.D., assistant professor of child and family studies in Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences.

Susan Amara, USA - «Regulation of transporter function and trafficking by amphetamines, Structure - function relationships in excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), Modulation of dopamine transporters (DAT) by GPCRs, Genetics and functional analyses of human trace amine receptors» Tom I. Bonner, USA (Past Core Member)- Genomics, G protein coupled receptors Michel Bouvier, Canada - Molecular Pharmacology of G protein - Coupled Receptors; Molecular mechanisms controlling the selectivity and efficacy of GPCR signalling Thomas Burris, USA - Nuclear Receptor Pharmacology and Drug Discovery William A. Catterall, USA (Past Core Member)- The Molecular Basis of Electrical Excitability Steven Charlton, UK - Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Discovery Moses Chao, USA - Mechanisms of Neurotophin Receptor Signaling Mark Coles, UK - Cellular differentiation, human embryonic stem cells, stromal cells, haematopoietic stem cells, organogenesis, lymphoid microenvironments, develomental immunology Steven L. Colletti, USA Graham L Collingridge, UK Philippe Delerive, France - Metabolic Research (diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver, cardio - vascular diseases, nuclear hormone receptor, GPCRs, kinases) Sir Colin T. Dollery, UK (Founder and Past Core Member) Richard M. Eglen, UK Stephen M. Foord, UK David Gloriam, Denmark - GPCRs, databases, computational drug design, orphan recetpors Gillian Gray, UK Debbie Hay, New Zealand - G protein - coupled receptors, peptide receptors, CGRP, Amylin, Adrenomedullin, Migraine, Diabetes / obesity Allyn C. Howlett, USA Franz Hofmann, Germany - Voltage dependent calcium channels and the positive inotropic effect of beta adrenergic stimulation; cardiovascular function of cGMP protein kinase Yu Huang, Hong Kong - Endothelial and Metabolic Dysfunction, and Novel Biomarkers in Diabetes, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia and Estrogen Deficiency, Endothelium - derived Contracting Factors in the Regulation of Vascular Tone, Adipose Tissue Regulation of Vascular Function in Obesity, Diabetes and Hypertension, Pharmacological Characterization of New Anti-diabetic and Anti-hypertensive Drugs, Hypotensive and antioxidant Actions of Biologically Active Components of Traditional Chinese Herbs and Natural Plants including Polypehnols and Ginsenosides Adriaan P. IJzerman, The Netherlands - G protein - coupled receptors; allosteric modulation; binding kinetics Michael F Jarvis, USA - Purines and Purinergic Receptors and Voltage-gated ion channel (sodium and calcium) pharmacology Pain mechanisms Research Reproducibility Bong - Kiun Kaang, Korea - G protein - coupled receptors; Glutamate receptors; Neuropsychiatric disorders Eamonn Kelly, Prof, UK - Molecular Pharmacology of G protein - coupled receptors, in particular opioid receptors, regulation of GPCRs by kinasis and arrestins Terry Kenakin, USA - Drug receptor pharmacodynamics, receptor theory Janos Kiss, Hungary - Neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease Stefan Knapp, Germany - Rational design of highly selective inhibitors (so call chemical probes) targeting protein kinases as well as protein interaction inhibitors of the bromodomain family Andrew Knight, UK Chris Langmead, Australia - Drug discovery, GPCRs, neuroscience and analytical pharmacology Vincent Laudet, France (Past Core Member)- Evolution of the Nuclear Receptor / Ligand couple Margaret R. MacLean, UK - Serotonin, endothelin, estrogen, microRNAs and pulmonary hyperten Neil Marrion, UK - Calcium - activated potassium channels, neuronal excitability Fiona Marshall, UK - GPCR molecular pharmacology, structure and drug discovery Alistair Mathie, UK - Ion channel structure, function and regulation, pain and the nervous system Ian McGrath, UK - Adrenoceptors; autonomic transmission; vascular pharmacology Graeme Milligan, UK - Structure, function and regulation of G protein - coupled receptors Richard Neubig, USA (Past Core Member)- G protein signaling; academic drug discovery Stefan Offermanns, Germany - G protein - coupled receptors, vascular / metabolic signaling Richard Olsen, USA - Structure and function of GABA - A receptors; mode of action of GABAergic drugs including general anesthetics and ethanol Jean - Philippe Pin, France (Past Core Member)- GPCR - mGLuR - GABAB - structure function relationship - pharmacology - biophysics Helgi Schiöth, Sweden David Searls, USA - Bioinformatics Graeme Semple, USA - GPCR Medicinal Chemistry Patrick M. Sexton, Australia - G protein - coupled receptors Roland Staal, USA - Microglia and neuroinflammation in neuropathic pain and neurological disorders Bart Staels, France - Nuclear receptor signaling in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases Katerina Tiligada, Greece - Immunopharmacology, histamine, histamine receptors, hypersensitivity, drug allergy, inflammation Georg Terstappen, Germany - Drug discovery for neurodegenerative diseases with a focus on AD Mary Vore, USA - Activity and regulation of expression and function of the ATP - binding cassette (ABC) transporters

The Top 10 + Best Online Dating Sites Websites 2017 Dating is a form of human courtship consisting of social activities done by two persons with the aim of each assessing the others suitability as a partner in an intimate relationship or as a spouse.

Dating — Wikipedia — Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a prospective partner in an intimate relationship or marriage.It is a form of courtship, consisting of social activities done by the couple, either alone or with others.

Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a prospective partner in an intimate relationship or marriage.It is a form of courtship, consisting of social activities done by the couple, either alone or with others.

Adult Dating Sites Dc Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a prospective partner in an intimate relationship or marriage.It is a form of courtship, consisting of social activities done by the couple, either alone or with others.

New York's guide to theater, restaurants, bars, movies, shopping, fashion, events, activities, things to do, music, art, books, clubs, tours, dance Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a

Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a Geology Labs On - Line was initiated in 1999 to develop Web - based activities which enhance the learning and teaching of earth science from middle school

Date, a social activity, including: Dating, a form of courtship involving social activity, with the aim of assessing a potential partner Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a

Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a Online dating, once a fringe and stigmatized activity, is now a $ 2 billion industry.

Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a Speed - dating lesson: Student worksheet Activity 1: warm - up (15 minutes) Speed - dating questions 1.

Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a The date is fairly casual in most European - influenced cultures, but in some traditional societies, courtship is a highly structured activity, with very

CALLISTO communication activities aim at contributing to the uptake of the knowledge gained throughout the project, and at promoting risk - awareness in healthy and balanced human / animal relationships.

Jacob Rhodes, Director of Field Projects, is pleased to present PAST FUTURE TENSE, a solo show by Rachel Frank that explores the socio - political and Anthropogenic shifts brought about by human activity, highlighting our relationships to vanishing ecosystems, life forms, and modes of dwelling.

Once he has photographed his re-created environments — always devoid of figures but often displaying evidence of recent human activity — Demand destroys his models, further complicating the relationship between reproduction and original that his photography investigates.

Early in 1940 we managed to find a small house and for the next three years... I was not able to carve at all... the only sculptures I carried out were some small plaster maquettes for the second «sculpture with colour», and it was not until 1943, when we moved to another house, that I was able to carve this idea... In St Ives I was fortunate enough to have constant contact with artists and writers and craftsmen who lived there, Ben Nicholson my husband, Naum Gabo, Bernard Leach, Adrian Stokes, and there was a steady stream of visitors from London who came for a few days rest, and who contributed in a great measure to the important exchange of ideas and stimulus to creative activity... It was during this time that I gradually discovered the remarkable pagan landscape which lies between St Ives, Penzance and Land's End; a landscape which still has a very deep effect on me, developing all my ideas about the relationship of the human figure in landscape - sculpture in landscape and the essential quality of light in relation to sculpture which induced a new way of piercing the forms to contain colour... The sea, a flat diminishing plane, held within itself the capacity to radiate an infinitude of blues, greys, greens and even pinks of strange hues; the lighthouse and its strange rocky island was an eye; the Island of St Ives an arm, a hand, a face... I used colour and strings in many of the carvings of this time.

A model was developed to understand relationships between measured sound levels and variables such as climate, topography, human activity, time of day, and day of year.

The 1998 Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle provides in part: «When an activity raises threats of harm to the environment or human health, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically.»

Trenberth argues that since science / physics has already established the human influence on climate, oceans, etc. (and Curry would not say otherwise) it makes more sense for Curry to have to show that there is no influence on water vapor and precipitation (i.e., intensification of storm activity / heavy precipitation) than to show that there is, because of basic physics / physical systems / physical relationships that constitute the global climate cycle.

Long - term sustainability for the maximization of human survival has been eclipsed by global business for the expediency of large gains in short - term periods, where mostly tactical activities predominate in both emerging and developed markets, instead of focusing on strategic alternatives and activities that would sustain life on earth in a symbiotic, negentropic relationship between global business, Nature as Earth, government, and consumers or the general public.

... incomplete and misleading because it 1) omits any mention of several of the most important aspects of the potential relationships between hurricanes and global warming, including rainfall, sea level, and storm surge; 2) leaves the impression that there is no significant connection between recent climate change caused by human activities and hurricane characteristics and impacts; and 3) does not take full account of the significance of recently identified trends and variations in tropical storms in causing impacts as compared to increasing societal vulnerability.

In reality, the arrival of the new epoch represents not merely the further spread of human influence across the globe but a fundamental shift in the relationship between humans and the Earth system — one in which human activity now accelerates, decelerates and distorts the great cycles that make the planet a dynamic entity.

It is most important to avoid the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy that a trend of a few years» duration or less, following some change in human activities, can be attributed to that change even when no sound physical causal relationship is evident.

«When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not established scientifically.»

When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically.

No, in fact I say the opposite: the probability of a positive relationship between the external effects of human activity and climate change is almost certainly one.

Although other non-meteorological causes (e.g., human activities, fuel accumulation) have likely contributed to the observed increase of wildfires, an effect of climatic warming on wildfire occurrence is supported by this relationship.

In each of these situations the relevant human rights code is engaged not because of the nature of the legal relationship, or the fact that there were two legally distinct and identifiable parties at common law, but rather because the claim related to an area of activity covered by the Code and the claimant was able to show a nexus or link between him or herself, the social area and the allegedly discriminatory treatment.

One important thing that is scarce, arguably getting more so and thus something clients are willing to pay for, is a strong relationship — the sense of a genuine connection with another human being engaged in a common interest or activity.

A geographer is a scientist whose region of study is geography, the study of Earth's physical surroundings that is studied and analyzed the relationships between human activities and the natural and built environment.

• Hands - on experience in providing assistance with individualized instruction through well - placed instructional strategies • Skilled in effectively applying methods for enhancing students» working knowledge of core concepts • Excellent skills in recognizing, describing and reporting student behavior and academic progress • Unmatched ability to impart instruction at the student's level of comprehension • Proficient in using a variety of technological tools to communicate with students and provide them with information on complex topics • Adept at recognizing patterns of human development and benchmarks that are typically achieved at different ages • Demonstrated expertise in designing and using age - appropriate materials for instructional enforcement • Documented success in establishing positive relationships with students to promote student self - esteem • Proven ability to mediate student conflicts and handle behavior management duties • Qualified to use appropriate strategies and techniques to provide dedicated instructional support • Able to effectively conduct small group and individualized instruction as part of the class instruction program • Special talent for assisting teachers with planning and organizing instructional activities and developing classroom procedures • Track record of demonstrating awareness of and respect for diversity amongst students • Proven record of applying disciplinary directives in an impartial and consistent manner

Director of Human Resources / HR Consultant — Professional Duties & Responsibilities Oversee the planning, direction, and management of all HR - related activities including staff recruiting, candidate tracking, personnel screening and testing, and hiring processes in accordance with Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Employment regulations Support senior management to develop and maintain personnel policy and ensure compliance with all standards, authoring and implementing new policies and procedures as needed along with creating HR procedure manual Serve as lead analyst for compensation reviews, performance and pay - scale benchmarking, market studies, and salary structure decisions, also creating organizational / staff planning charts for all departments and all positions Create and deliver firm - wide staff new - hire orientation, training and development programs, and performance evaluations utilizing a competency - based appraisal system which leads to focused training and development programs based on common and individual areas of performance deficiency Manage all aspects of workers compensation and unemployment claims on behalf of employer, attending hearings and participating actively in all related meetings Hold responsibility for all benefit negotiations, administration, and plan reviews, promoting compliance with and effective execution of IRS / DOL regulations, ERISA, HIPPA, and all audit - related processes Implement and sustain safety programs while performing regular safety - policy trend analyses to identify critical issues, developing corrective action plans to ensure compliance with applicable safety, health, and environmental regulations including OSHA and other applicable laws Consult with management regarding employee - and labor - related issues to resolve conflicts in a professional manner, conducting grievance hearings and negotiation agreements with worker representatives within the provisions of any applicable contract Provide relevant guidance and administration to the development of human resources site on firm intranet, housing online - employment forms, manager resources, job postings, and HR - related forms and documents Develop valuable staff relationships to improve workplace morale as well as maintain positive business relationships with all related brokers and veHuman Resources / HR Consultant — Professional Duties & Responsibilities Oversee the planning, direction, and management of all HR - related activities including staff recruiting, candidate tracking, personnel screening and testing, and hiring processes in accordance with Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Employment regulations Support senior management to develop and maintain personnel policy and ensure compliance with all standards, authoring and implementing new policies and procedures as needed along with creating HR procedure manual Serve as lead analyst for compensation reviews, performance and pay - scale benchmarking, market studies, and salary structure decisions, also creating organizational / staff planning charts for all departments and all positions Create and deliver firm - wide staff new - hire orientation, training and development programs, and performance evaluations utilizing a competency - based appraisal system which leads to focused training and development programs based on common and individual areas of performance deficiency Manage all aspects of workers compensation and unemployment claims on behalf of employer, attending hearings and participating actively in all related meetings Hold responsibility for all benefit negotiations, administration, and plan reviews, promoting compliance with and effective execution of IRS / DOL regulations, ERISA, HIPPA, and all audit - related processes Implement and sustain safety programs while performing regular safety - policy trend analyses to identify critical issues, developing corrective action plans to ensure compliance with applicable safety, health, and environmental regulations including OSHA and other applicable laws Consult with management regarding employee - and labor - related issues to resolve conflicts in a professional manner, conducting grievance hearings and negotiation agreements with worker representatives within the provisions of any applicable contract Provide relevant guidance and administration to the development of human resources site on firm intranet, housing online - employment forms, manager resources, job postings, and HR - related forms and documents Develop valuable staff relationships to improve workplace morale as well as maintain positive business relationships with all related brokers and vehuman resources site on firm intranet, housing online - employment forms, manager resources, job postings, and HR - related forms and documents Develop valuable staff relationships to improve workplace morale as well as maintain positive business relationships with all related brokers and vendors

Yacht Broker — Duties & Responsibilities Establish and successfully manage multiple businesses in the marine, automotive, and construction industries Experienced in boat building and sales, marine and automotive powder coating, and residential construction Responsible for sales, marketing, customer service, and human resource activities Hire, train, and supervise sales, customer service, and administrative staff ensuring effective operations Generate significant sales through effective marketing, networking, cold calling, and other tactics Build and strengthen professional relationships with marine industry leaders Utilize extensive nautical training and expertise to build company and personal reputation within the industry Oversee project timelines, finances, and quality control ensuring timely and high quality completion of objectives Reduce operational costs while increasing revenue through effective management tactics Continually engage in professional development training to enhance skill set Study internal literature to become an expert on products and services Represent company brand with poise, integrity, and positivity

Financial Services Specialist — Duties & Responsibilities Recruit, train, and direct customer service, sales, and administrative personnel ensuring profitable operations Study internal literature to become an expert on products and services Develop and manage varied financial portfolios for more than fifty clients Generate record sales of financial products through cold calling, networking, and other tactics Make cold calls in a courteous, yet assertive manner that translates to sales results Conduct research on prospective leads and existing clients to assist in developing sales strategies Craft effective sales presentations and proposals, tailoring them to clients based on their specific needs and styles Build and strengthen relationships with small business clients through effective client service Encourage high customer retention by maintaining friendly, supportive contact with existing clients Maintain comprehensive records detailing pricings, sales, activities reports, and other pertinent data Oversee business underwriting process including risk analysis, pricing, and classifications Support human resources department through benefit administration and performance evaluations Direct special projects from conception to marketplace rollout Analyze and streamline organization structure, workflow, team metrics, and client database Responsible for financial software operation and updates including Bill Pay and Payroll processing Implement training and development programs to reinforce branding and develop team skillsets Create an atmosphere of respect, professionalism, and dedication to company goals Represent company brand with poise, integrity, and positivity

Business Manager — Duties & Responsibilities Recruit, train, and direct customer service, sales, and administrative personnel ensuring profitable operations Study internal literature to become an expert on products and services Encourage high customer retention by maintaining friendly, supportive contact with existing clients Build and strengthen relationships with key clients, industry figures, and community leaders Maintain comprehensive records detailing pricings, sales, activities reports, and other pertinent data Negotiate contracts and agreements with vendors, distributors, and partners Support human resources department through benefit administration and performance evaluations Set and strictly adhere to company budgets and project timelines Direct special projects from conception to marketplace rollout Analyze and streamline organization structure, workflow, team metrics, and client database Implement training and development programs to reinforce branding and develop team skillsets Design and execute employee recognition program to boost morale and individual efficacy Create an atmosphere of respect, professionalism, and dedication to company goals Represent company brand with poise, integrity, and positivity Consistently promoted and awarded for excellence in management, sales, and customer service

Project Manager — Duties & Responsibilities Oversee 1,000 employee call center operations ensuring efficient, effective, and profitable operations Recruit, train, and direct 25 Senior Call Center Managers ensuring they understand the brand and corporate protocols Design and implement staff training and development initiatives to enhance team skill sets Responsible for the implementation and operation of technical facets such as the Qfiniti platform and Avaya integration Utilize strong background in information technology, web development, engineering, and technical support Design and implement workflow and organizational structure for multiple corporate entities Work closely with various departments including human resources, development, IT, and others to develop strategic plans Analyze corporate structure and create business requirements, process flows, and procedures for organizational efficiency Responsible for the identification and removal of chronic system affecting issues to enhance daily operations Set and coordinate product release timelines and procedures for 23 regional call centers across the United States Coordinate the strategic and operational arms of the release management teams Train and lead release teams ensuring compliance with project budgets and release schedules Oversee all user testing to ensure proper product functionality prior to release Manage website and hardware integration, maintenance, updates, and other technical support issues Set and strictly adhere to departmental budgets and schedules Consistently meet or exceed customer service and project management goals through strong managerial skills Maintain comprehensive records detailing call center activities, product releases, and other pertinent data Build and strengthen relationships with key clients, partners, vendors, and community leaders Interact with support staff and company resources effectively to create the best consumer experience Develop a rapport with customers and orient them to various products and services Ensure customer satisfaction by maintaining friendly, supportive contact with existing clients Study internal literature to become an expert on products and services Represent company brand with poise, integrity, and positivity

As they age, they may become suicidal, addicted to alcohol or other drugs, enmeshed in violent relationships, and unable to care for their children.64, 76 Delinquent females also engage in sexual activity at an earlier age than nonoffenders, placing them at greater risk for unwanted pregnancy and human immunodeficiency virus.78 Understanding psychiatric morbidity and associated risk factors among delinquent females could help us to improve treatment and reduce the cycle of disorder and dysfunction.

As part of the federal welfare reform of 1996, Congress recognized the need to promote responsible fatherhood as a way to support child wellbeing.2 During the 106th Congress (1999 - 2000), Congress provided funding to the National Fatherhood Initiative (NFI), a non-profit organization that works with government agencies, the military, corrections departments, and community organizations to create fatherhood programs.3 Concurrently, Congress also provided funding to evaluate the Institute for Responsible Fatherhood and Family Revitalization's fatherhood program, signaling the federal government's commitment to researching and assessing the impact of responsible fatherhood programs.4 Although Presidents Clinton, Bush, and Obama included funding for responsible fatherhood programs in each of their budgets, it was not until the 109th Congress of 2005 - 2006 that the Healthy Marriage Promotion and Responsible Fatherhood (HMPRF) grants program was created and funded under the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 beginning in FY2006 and continuing through FY2010.5 The program was subsequently reauthorized under the Claims Resolution Act of 2010.6 The HMPRF programs support healthy marriage, responsible parenting, and economic stability activities, and are funded through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration of Children and Families» (ACF) Office of Family Assistance (OFA).7 The HMPRF programs have continued to receive funds through FY2016.8 Healthy Marriage and Relationship Education grantees, the New Pathways for Fathers and Families grantees, and Responsible Fatherhood Opportunities for Reentry and Mobility (ReFORM) grantees are currently funded from FY2015 through FY2020.9

Parental separation may also expose children to loss of social, economic and human capital.4, 14 Other explanatory factors may derive from characteristics typical of separating parents such as lower relationship satisfaction and higher conflict levels also before the separation.4 The rising numbers of children with JPC have concerned child clinicians as well as researchers on the subject.20, 21 Child experts have worried about children's potential feelings of alienation from living in two separate worlds, 20 — 22 increased exposure to parental conflict12, 22 and other stressors that JPC may impose on a child.22 Such daily stressors may be long distances to school, friends and leisure activities, lack of stability in parenting and home environment and a need to adjust to the demands of two different family lives.12, 22 The logistics of travelling between their homes and keeping in contact with friends has been stated as a drawback of JPC in interview studies with children.23 — 25 Older adolescents, in particular, indicated that they preferred to be in one place.23