Sentences with phrase «relatively high carbon»

Because lower rank coals have relatively high carbon dioxide emission factors, increased use of these coals caused the national average carbon dioxide emission factor to rise from 206.5 pounds per million Btu in 1980 to 207.6 pounds per million Btu in 1992.

The relatively high carbon «footprint» of Nigerian oil

This is because it will take a relatively high carbon price (to the order of US$ 30 - US $ 40 per ton according to experts) to shift investments to cleaner energy sources.

Transportation measures generally contribute a higher percentage to emissions reductions than to energy use reductions due to the relatively high carbon content of most transportation fuels.

Not exact matches

«There will be relatively high costs in developing this new nuclear facility but broadly comparable with other low carbon technologies such as offshore wind, and, potentially, carbon capture and storage applied to gas and coal fired power stations.

The relatively pleasant global climate of the past 10,000 years is largely thanks to higher levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide

By using a combination of crop growth, hydrological, carbon and nitrogen cycle models, researchers found that the estimated land suitable for bioenergy grasses — particularly Miscanthus, the most productive bioenergy crop — is limited, despite its relatively high biomass productivity and low water consumption per unit of ethanol.

That deep water is not only rich in nutrients, it also has relatively high concentrations of carbon dioxide, both because it is cold (cold water can absorb and hold more carbon dioxide than warm water) and because the decomposition of organic matter that sinks into the depths releases carbon dioxide.

In other homogeneous (or heterogeneous) catalyst systems in which the metal is likely to be in a relatively high oxidation state, such as molybdenum (VI) or tungsten (VI), metal - carbon multiple bonds may play an important role.

The models showed that thinner carbon nanotubes with a relatively high concentration of nitrogen would perform best, as oxygen atoms readily bond to the carbon atom nearest the nitrogen.

This allowed them to distinguish between shells composed of the relatively lightweight isotopes of carbon and oxygen versus those made with a higher proportion of heavier isotopes.

Vigorous convective mixing in the deep tropics also dilutes changes in near - surface CO2 much more than at higher latitudes, so low - altitude sampling contains relatively less information about carbon sources and sinks.

In this future scenario with a high need for CDR, if the PUC had built the coal + CCS project, it could choose to retrofit the plant to a biomass + CCS power plant capable of removing carbon from the atmosphere at a relatively small incremental cost.

«By inducing the self - photosensitization of M. thermoacetica with cadmium sulfide nanoparticles, we enabled the photosynthesis of acetic acid from carbon dioxide over several days of light - dark cycles at relatively high quantum yields, demonstrating a self - replicating route toward solar - to - chemical carbon dioxide reduction.»

A new study confirms that carbon pollution has ended the era of the stable climate conditions that enabled the development of modern civilization High levels of carbon pollution have caused global temperatures to rise above the slow - changing, relatively stable conditions that existed «when humans were figuring out where the climate — and rivers and sea levels — were most suited for living and farming.»

Some regions may even shift from being a carbon sink to being an atmospheric carbon dioxide source, 50,51,52 though large uncertainties exist, such as whether projected disturbances to forests will be chronic or episodic.31 Midwest forests are more resilient to forest carbon losses than most western forests because of relatively high moisture availability, greater nitrogen deposition (which tends to act as a fertilizer), and lower wildfire risk.50, 51,53

«Our results indicate that tropical sea surface temperatures were significantly higher than today during the Early Silurian period (443 — 423 Myr ago), when carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to have been relatively high, and were broadly similar to today during the Late Carboniferous period (314 — 300 Myr ago), when carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to have been similar to the present - day value.

In Europe, for instance, there are almost no countries in which the rate of reproduction is high enough to sustain current population (and that includes France, whose higher rates of reproduction are among the large numbers of relatively low - carbon - emission Muslims).

Several recent studies show little to no economic potential to increase biopower in the U.S. over the next two decades because of its relatively high costs compared with other renewable energy and low carbon technologies (EIA 2015, EPA 2015, NREL 2015, UCS 2014, UCS 2015).

In developing and emerging economies, slowing the rate of growth of using conventional transport modes with relatively high ‐ carbon emissions for passenger and freight transport by providing affordable, lowcarbon options could play an important role in achieving global mitigation targets.

Two kinds of BC are produced in combustion processes through different formation pathways: char is an impure form of graphitic carbon from combustion residue formed directly by pyrolysis in smoldering fires, while soot is a combustion condensate produced by gas - to - particle conversion at relatively high temperatures (> 600 °C) in flame.

Options from Climate Works, on the other hand, range from continuing carbon intensity improvements — at a negative cost — to relatively low cost land use options and high cost energy changes — such as solar power.

If one takes historical emissions into account, one could argue that an EU or U.S. individual exceeded a fair allocation of carbon emissions long ago, whereas Chinese individuals have not yet come close to using up their fair share (because their high emissions rates began relatively recently and because China is supporting a larger population).

The ideas are still very much at the drawing board stage - and the report acknowledges that the high cost, high energy use, and the relatively low volumes of CO2 likely to be used, means that CCU is unlikely to be a big global player on the carbon reduction front any time soon.

Humanity currently relies predominantly on carbon - based fuels for energy generation, and the costs of alternative sources of energy are in most cases relatively high.

It's only when deforestation and other land use changes made a net shift of carbon in the short term carbon cycle from plants back into the atmosphere, that humans began to make a net positive return of CO2 into the atmosphere (although deforestation is essentially reversible in principle), and it's very true to point out that industrial scale animal husbandry with its high cost in fossil - fuel - derived energy does mean that what might otherwise be a relatively closed system of cycling CO2 from the atmosphere through plants and then animals and back to the atmosphere, does become net positive with respect to CO2 emissions.

The high carbon dioxide emission factor for anthracite reflects the coal's relatively small hydrogen content, which lowers its heating value.

Jacobson's models, published in the Journal of Geophysical Research — Atmospheres, concluded that, even with stringent U.S. and European standards, diesel vehicles could warm the climate more over 100 years than gasoline - powered cars as a result of the relatively higher black carbon content of diesel.

So, for a 1.5 C ceiling, especially for a relatively high chance, we have also run out of carbon budget, and piled up some carbon debt.

It went something like this: hotel check - in, locate room, locate wifi service, attempt connection to wifi, wonder why the connection is taking so long, try again, locate phone, call front desk, get told «the internet is broken for a while», decide to hot - spot the mobile phone because some emails really needed to be sent, go «la la la» about the roaming costs, locate iron, wonder why iron temperature dial just spins around and around, swear as iron spews water instead of steam, find reading glasses, curse middle - aged need for reading glasses, realise iron temperature dial is indecipherably in Chinese, decide ironing front of shirt is good enough when wearing jacket, order room service lunch, start shower, realise can't read impossible small toiletry bottle labels, damply retrieve glasses from near iron and successfully avoid shampooing hair with body lotion, change (into slightly damp shirt), retrieve glasses from shower, start teleconference, eat lunch, remember to mute phone, meet colleague in lobby at 1 pm, continue teleconference, get in taxi, endure 75 stop - start minutes to a inconveniently located client, watch unread emails climb over 150, continue to ignore roaming costs, regret tuna panini lunch choice as taxi warmth, stop - start juddering, jet - lag, guilt about unread emails and traffic fumes combine in a very unpleasant way, stumble out of over-warm taxi and almost catch hypothermia while trying to locate a very small client office in a very large anonymous business park, almost hug client with relief when they appear to escort us the last 50 metres, surprisingly have very positive client meeting (i.e. didn't throw up in the meeting), almost catch hypothermia again waiting for taxi which despite having two functioning GPS devices can't locate us on a main road, understand why as within 30 seconds we are almost rendered unconscious by the in - car exhaust fumes, discover that the taxi ride back to the CBD is even slower and more juddering at peak hour (and no, that was not a carbon monoxide induced hallucination), rescheduled the second client from 5 pm to 5.30, to 6 pm and finally 6.30 pm, killed time by drafting this guest blog (possibly carbon monoxide induced), watch unread emails climb higher, exit taxi and inhale relatively fresher air from kamikaze motor scooters, enter office and grumpily work with client until 9 pm, decline client's gracious offer of expensive dinner, noting it is already midnight my time, observe client fail to correctly set office alarm and endure high decibel «warning, warning» sounds that are clearly designed to send security rushing... soon... any second now... develop new form of nausea and headache from piercing, screeching, sounds - like - a-wailing-baby-please-please-make-it-stop-alarm, note the client is relishing the extra (free) time with us and is still talking about work, admire the client's ability to focus under extreme aural pressure, decide the client may be a little too work focussed, realise that I probably am too given I have just finished work at 9 pm... but then remember the 200 unread emails in my inbox and decide I can resolve that incongruency later (in a quieter space), become sure that there are only two possibilities — there are no security staff or they are deaf — while my colleague frantically tries to call someone who knows what to do, conclude after three calls that no - one does, and then finally someone finally does and... it stops.