Sentences with phrase «repeat allele»

The VIPP - SD program proved to be effective in decreasing daily cortisol production in children with the DRD4 7 - repeat allele, but not in children without the DRD4 7 - repeat allele.

Similarly, therapeutic intervention to enhance positive parenting reduced oppositional behavior in children with externalizing problems, but again, only among those possessing the 7 - repeat allele (Bakermans - Kranenburg et al.

Hyperbolic discounting curves for subject groups differing by DRD4 genotype (7 - repeat allele present, absent) and by exposure (yes, no) to an early family environment of socioeconomic disadvantage.

Moreover, most of these studies examined the same DRD4 variation studied here, with the 7 - repeat allele predicting fewer externalizing problems and more prosocial behavior in conjunction with supportive parental attributes or interventions and, conversely, with more externalizing problems and early attachment difficulties in association with negative parenting environments.

For instance, children carrying the DRD4 7 - repeat allele were found more likely to exhibit prosocial behaviors (e.g. sharing) as a function of maternal positivity or when encouraged in this direction experimentally, relative to children of other DRD4 genotypes (Knafo, 2009; Bakermans - Kranenburg and van Ijzendoorn, 2011; Knafo et al.

Meta - analysis of the association between the 7 - repeat allele of the dopamine D (4) receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A meta - analysis of association studies between the 10 - repeat allele of a VNTR polymorphism in the 3 ′ UTR of dopamine transporter gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Other studies have found evidence of differential susceptibility in the child, with highly reactive infants (Velderman 2006), and children with the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) 7 - repeat allele (Bakermans - Kranenburg 2008), being more susceptible to change.

In a small - scale study, (N = 47), infants» DRD4 genotype was found to moderate the relationship between maternal insensitivity and externalising child behaviour: children who carried the 7 - repeat allele and had relatively insensitive mothers showed the highest level of externalising behaviour [116].

While Dutch researchers have failed to replicate this association [97, 98], parental genetic data and family - based analyses in the Hungarian sample showed a highly significant non-transmission of the 7 - repeat allele (and the -521 T ~ 7 - repeat haplotype) to securely attached infants, as well as a trend for preferential transmission to disorganised infants [95].

A further investigation of the DRD4 48 bp VNTR showed that infant genotype moderated the previously reported intergenerational transmission of mothers» unresolved trauma to disorganised attachment: the link was significant for infants carrying the 7 - repeat allele only [105].

Receptor molecules coded by the 7 - repeat allele have been found to have a lower potency for dopamine - mediated coupling to adenylate cyclase than receptors encoded by the other frequent, 2 - or 4 - repeat forms [90], and more recent results suggest an additional effect of the 48 bp VNTR on gene expression [91, 92].

The DRD4 seven - repeat allele was associated with less disorganized attachment (protective), while non — seven - repeat children were more likely to be classified as disorganized attachment.

In contrast, the level of disorganisation in infants who carried the 7 - repeat allele was at an intermediate level and unrelated to the degree of maternal atypical behaviour.

The estimated relative risk for disorganised attachment among children carrying the 7 - repeat allele was four-fold, with the frequency of the 7 - repeat allele being 67 % in disorganised infants as opposed to 20 % in securely attached infants [95], and with 50 % frequencies in the insecure - avoidant and resistant groups.

The 7 - repeat allele has been shown to mediate a blunted intracellular response to dopamine and may also encode a postsynaptic receptor that is subsensitive to dopamine [31].

Children with the 7 - repeat allele were influenced by parenting quality, with lower quality parenting associated with higher levels of sensation seeking; children without the 7 - repeat allele were uninfluenced by parenting quality.

Previous studies have indicated that the 7 - repeat allele is under positive selective pressure, and our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the DRD4 7 - repeat allele increased children's sensitivity to environmental factors such as parenting.

The study's results suggested that girls whose brains showed less reward system activation to foods also gained more weight — if they had the DRD2 Taq1AQ1 or the DRD4 7 + repeat alleles.

Not exact matches

«Careful analysis of the total number of repeats, the number of interruptions in the repeat tract, and the methylation status of the FMR1 gene is important for a proper understanding of an individual's risk of transmission of larger alleles to their offspring and to their personal risk of disease pathology.

Unlike SNPs, which tend to have two alleles, STRs have numerous alleles, defined by the number of repeats at each locus.

We found that deletion of the RAD27 / FEN1 gene, which is involved in DNA replication and repair, causes a high level of instability of the CEB1 - 1.8 allele in cells growing mitotically, indicating that replication defects destabilise these repeated sequences.

This repeat contains nine adenines in NOD / ShiLtJ, A / HeJ, A / WySnJ, and SKH2 / J and 10 adenines in A / J, and NZB / B1NJ, and likely enhances the hearing loss associated with the Cdh23ahl allele (Johnson et al. 2001).

Correlation of CAG repeat length between the maternal and paternal allele of the Huntingtin gene: evidence for assortative mating.

A 50 % reduction in HDAC4 restored these and other electrophysiological changes in both the R6 / 2 model, a transgenic over-expresser of Exon 1 HTT with an expanded polyglutamine repeat, and heterozygous Q175 knock - in mice (Q175 + / --RRB-, which carry one normal and one mutant HTT allele with an expanded repeat of ~ 190 polyglutamines, in addition to reversing behavioral alterations in R6 / 2 mice (Mielcarek et al, 2013; PLOS Biology, in press).

The polyT repeat in intron 6 of TOMM40 (rs10524523) was genotyped using fluorescence - based fragment size analysis (Supplemental Figure 1; http://neuroscienceresearch.wustl.edu/pages/cruchaga2011.aspx).19 A detailed explanation of the fluorescence - based fragment size genotyping, quality control steps, allele frequency, and linkage disequilibrium between the studied polymorphisms can be found at http://neuroscienceresearch.wustl.edu/Pages/cruchaga2011.aspx.

Alleles D1 and D2 were predicted to produce proteins 3,359 and 3,396 amino acids in length that carried an altered BRC repeat domain 7 (Fig. 1D).

An imprinting mark region characterized by paternal allele specific methylation has been suggested to reside in a GC - rich region of 400 bp direct repeats starting at -2 kb relative to the H19 transcription start and extending upstream.

Combining this with recent advances in genome editing techniques such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system has provided an ability to repair putative causative alleles in patient lines, or introduce disease alleles into a healthy «WT» cell line.

However, five genes were found to have a rare repeat expansion or contraction alleles of large magnitude in coding sequences, including: Six - 3 (Δ54 bp), Hox - a7 (Δ33 bp), Runx - 2 (ins45 bp), Hox - d8 (Δ30 bp), and Alx - 4 (Δ51 bp).

Analysis of the Runx - 2 repeats in the 1931 bull terrier reveals a more intermediate allele (Q19A14) than is present in the modern bull terrier (Q19A13).

Short alleles of the DRD4 and TH repeat polymorphisms were associated with higher levels of activity, impulsivity, and inattention.

The affected dogs (A) are homozygous for the dodecamer repeat expansion mutation with multiple dodecamer repeats, carrier (C) dogs have the normal and mutated allele and clear dogs (WT) have three copies of the repeat [8]

This study examines genetic diversity among 102 registered English Bulldogs used for breeding based on maternal and paternal haplotypes, allele frequencies in 33 highly polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) lo...

A candidate gene study of the androgen receptor gene enabled the detection of three alleles in the trinucleotide (CAG) repeat region in exon 1 in the Japanese Akita inu breed [100].

The two most common alleles in the Add Health sample were the 4 - repeat and the 7 - repeat.

A rarer extra-long (20 repeats) allele has also been characterized (24).

Allele association studies have linked the 48 bp repeat polymorphism of the DRD4 gene with normal variations of neonatal, infant, and adult temperament [85], but also with clinical hyperactivity (ADHD)[93, 94].

Infant DRD4 was obtained with buccal swabs and categorized according to the presence of the putative allele seven repeat.

Adults who had been categorized as behaviorally inhibited at the age of 2 years exhibited a higher amygdala activation in response to unknown vs familiar faces16 compared with adults who were uninhibited as children, consistent with the notion that novel or ambiguous environmental stimuli of potential biological relevance activate the amygdala.17 Turning to genes that can influence the neurobiological bases of the processing of emotions, 2 common alleles, the short (S) and the long (L), in a variable repeat sequence of the serotonin transporter (5 - HTT) promoter polymorphism (5 - HTTLPR) on human chromosome 17q11 have been differently associated with greater amygdala activity in response to angry or fearful faces18 in healthy adults.

In the final analysis, there were no individuals with the rare 2 - allele repeats, and only eight girls and five boys with the 5 - repeat variant of MAOA - uVNTR, due to missing values for other variables (Supplementary Table S1).