Not exact matches
Mothers
reported more symptoms of psychological distress24, 25 and low self - efficacy.26, 27 And, although mothers
report more depressive symptoms at the time their infants are experiencing colic, 28,29 research on maternal depression 3 months after the remittance of infant colic is mixed.30, 31 The distress mothers of colic infants
report may arise out of their
difficulties in soothing their infants as well as within their everyday dyadic interactions.32 The few studies to date that have examined the long - term consequences of having a colicky child, however, indicate that there are no negative outcomes for parent
behaviour and, importantly, for the parent - child relationship.
The psychosocial outcome receiving the most attention from researchers is problem
behaviour, with most studies finding perceived negative reactivity in infancy to predict problem
behaviour in childhood33, 34 and adolescent.35 Specifically, infants prone to high levels of fear, frustration, and sadness, as well as
difficulty recovering from such distress, were found to be at increased risk for internalizing and externalizing problem
behaviours according to parental and / or teacher
report.
Ajzen (2011)
reports that «past
behaviour is the best indicator of future
behaviour» and furthermore, contributes to «people's perception of the ease or
difficulty of performing the
behaviour of interest» (Ajzen, 1991, p. 183).
People in financial
difficulty still
report widespread problems with the
behaviour of bailiffs and bailiff firms.
Symptoms may not appear for several years and the effects can be very serious so it's important you
report any changes in
behaviour - such as loss of appetite, lethargy, aversion to exercise,
difficulty breathing — to your vet, and be sure to get regular check - ups.
Altogether 61 % of the owners were able to stop their dogs» TC, while approximately one third (34 %)
reported difficulties in stopping the
behaviour (Fig. 3c).
From the IPCC 1st Assessment
Report (FAR) to AR5, the main cause of the large uncertainty as to ECS in GCMs has been the
difficulty of simulating clouds and their
behaviour.
In addition, little knowledge is available on the effect of parenting support programmes delivered to immigrant parents.24 The few studies available have mostly shown little or no improvement in the mental health of immigrant parents25 26 or even poorer outcomes for immigrant families27 and families with low socioeconomic status.28 Scarcity of studies in this area may simply because few immigrant parents participate in such programmes.24 Several studies have
reported difficulties in recruiting and retaining immigrant parents in parenting support programmes.29 30 Factors such as belonging to an ethnic minority, low socioeconomic status, practical aspects or experienced alienation and discrimination all contribute to low participation.28 31 Other studies have demonstrated that low participation and a high dropout rate of immigrant parents are associated with a lack of cultural sensitivity in the intervention, poor information about the parenting programme and lack of trust towards professionals.24 A qualitative study conducted with Somali - born parents in Sweden showed that Somali parents experienced many societal challenges in the new country and in their parenting
behaviours.
Mental health and
behaviour problems are measured by the parent - reported screening instrument Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and executive functions by the parent - reported questionnaire Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (al
behaviour problems are measured by the parent -
reported screening instrument Strengths and
Difficulties Questionnaire and executive functions by the parent -
reported questionnaire
Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (al
Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (all sites).
Neglect is by far the most common form of child maltreatment
reported to the U.S. child welfare system; 78 % of
reports in 2009 were for neglect.1 The short - and long - term outcomes associated with neglect are often serious, including fatalities, physiological changes in the brain, academic
difficulties, criminal
behaviour and mental health problems.
While some parents clearly
reported achieving change in their children's problem
behaviour and in unhelpful parenting styles, some described
difficulty implementing changes because of lack of support at home.
This finding is consistent with the results of other studies, 34 and many service providers are trying to find ways to encourage fathers to attend parenting programmes.35
Reports of
difficulty sustaining
behaviour change over time and the desire for further support have also been
reported previously.9, 33 Continuing support to the group from both volunteers and professionals has been proposed as well as flexible, open access, non-structured sources of support.37 Previous studies have also suggested that 30 — 50 % of families who take part in parenting programmes are likely to show no benefit because of other events in their lives, and may therefore need more than a single intervention.36
They also
reported difficulty dealing with their children's problem
behaviour.
AAI, Adult Attachment Interview; AFFEX, System for Identifying Affect Expression by Holistic Judgement; AIM, Affect Intensity Measure; AMBIANCE, Atypical Maternal
Behaviour Instrument for Assessment and Classification; ASCT, Attachment Story Completion Task; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BEST, Borderline Evaluation of Severity over Time; BPD, borderline personality disorder; BPVS - II, British Picture Vocabulary Scale II; CASQ, Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire; CBCL, Child
Behaviour Checklist; CDAS - R, Children's Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale - Revised; CDEQ, Children's Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; CDIB, Child Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines; CGAS, Child Global Assessment Schedule; CRSQ, Children's Response Style Questionnaire; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; DASS, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales; DERS,
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; DIB - R, Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; EA, Emotional Availability Scales; ECRS, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale; EMBU, Swedish acronym for Own Memories Concerning Upbringing; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; FES, Family Environment Scale; FSS, Family Satisfaction Scale; FTRI, Family Trauma and Resilience Interview; IBQ - R, Infant
Behaviour Questionnaire, Revised; IPPA, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment; K - SADS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School - Age Children; KSADS - E, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Episodic Version; MMD, major depressive disorder; PACOTIS, Parental Cognitions and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale; PPQ, Perceived Parenting Quality Questionnaire; PD, personality disorder; PPVT - III, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition; PSI - SF, Parenting Stress Index Short Form; RSSC, Reassurance - Seeking Scale for Children; SCID - II, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM - IV; SCL -90-R, Symptom Checklist 90 Revised; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire; SEQ, Children's Self - Esteem Questionnaire; SIDP - IV, Structured Interview for DSM - IV Personality; SPPA, Self - Perception Profile for Adolescents; SSAGA, Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism; TCI, Temperament and Character Inventory; YCS, Youth Chronic Stress Interview; YSR, Youth Self -
Report.
Research shows sizeable effects of computerized training on executive functions if the
difficulty level, or «working memory load,» is adaptively increased, on nonverbal intelligence and on parent
reports of self - regulation
behaviour in children with ADHD, but evidence for transfer to academic achievement and classroom
behaviour is not fully consistent.18
Only between 5 % and 12 % of children are
reported by their parents to have
behaviour which places them within the abnormal range on any subscale indicating severe
difficulties.
However, it is clear that a small proportion of children do have quite severe
difficulties at this point; between 5 % and 12 % of children are
reported by their parents to have
behaviour which places them in the abnormal classification on any scale.
In a British population - based adolescent sample, teacher -
reported externalising
behaviour was associated with financial
difficulties in adult life (after 40 years).19 This association persisted after adjustments for father's social class, cognitive ability and depression or anxiety in adolescence.
Mental health problems were assessed using the self -
report version of the Strengths and
Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a multi-informant wide - angle screening questionnaire.26, 27 The SDQ has been used in a large number of population - based studies in several countries.27 It is a 25 - item questionnaire with five subscales, each consisting of five items, generating scores for emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity — inattention, peer problems and prosocial
behaviour.
In addition, it has been
reported that child
difficulty not only increases the likelihood of maternal negative parenting, but also that maternal negative parenting heightens the child's behavioural maladjustment that may take the form of ODD
behaviours [11].