Mothers who breastfeed have been found to
report lower
levels of perceived stress and negative mood,
higher levels of maternal attachment, and tend to perceive their infants more positively than mothers who formula - feed.9, 19 - 21 There is evidence to suggest that breastfeeding mothers may also spend more time in emotional care and be more sensitive to infant emotional distress cues than bottle - feeding mothers.22, 23 Relatedly, a small fMRI study
of 17 mothers in the first postpartum month, found that breastfeeding mothers showed greater activation in brain areas involved in
empathy and bonding than formula - feeding mothers when listening to their own infant's cry.24 These brain areas included the superior frontal gyrus, insula, precuneus, striatum and amygdala.
However, contrary to models positing deficits in affective
empathy in individuals with DBDs and
high levels of callous - unemotional (CU) traits (an index
of the affective and interpersonal aspects
of psychopathy that can be assessed in children; Blair 2013), affective
empathy is
reported to be unrelated to
levels of CU traits (e.g., Anastassiou - Hadjicharalambous and Warden 2008; Cheng et al. 2012).