When regulations
require coal plants to be shut down completely it is important that the timeline provides enough advance notice to allow for needed grid improvements.
All the law did was
require coal plants to use them, a change that had very little impact on consumers, who were more concerned then about acid rain than they are today about global warming.
Tack on the CPP (middle map), which would
require coal plants to capture some of their carbon emissions, and coal (red) cedes more territory to wind and natural gas.
The EPA has proposed a Carbon Pollution Standard for Future Power Plants, which would restrict the emission of greenhouse gases,
requiring coal plants, in particular, to be more efficient and cleaner.
The policy
requires coal plant owners to pay wind or solar plant owners whose energy is curtailed, adding clear economic incentives to increase uptake of renewable energy — and strengthening earlier policies that prioritized use of renewables.
Designating natural gas plants as the best available technology — essentially requiring utilities to generate less electricity from coal and more from gas instead of being limited solely to
requiring that coal plants operate more efficiently — has allowed the administration to establish much more ambitious emissions reduction requirements and is one of the central provisions that legal opponents have challenged.
Not exact matches
When both rules are fully enforced, Bernstein Research estimates that 15 % of
coal - fired power
plants will be forced to close — unable to meet new safety standards — or will
require substantial new investment to remain viable.
One recommendation by the alliance takes aim at Ontario government energy policy that could also double as climate policy, as the province has curtailed greenhouse gas emissions coming from the electricity sector by closing
coal - fired power
plants, invested in costly solar and wind energy projects, and instituted a cap - and - trade system that
requires businesses to buy permits to cover their carbon emissions.
These 75
plants will
require about 40,000 new
coal cars.
Though in October 2009 Cameron pledged to introduce rules
requiring new power stations to be as clean as a modern gas
plant, he reneged on this in November 2010 by allowing new
coal plants to pump almost double that level of carbon emissions,
Yet the analysis shows that even with higher gas prices,
coal plants still fail to be economically competitive under the new greenhouse gas rule, which
requires that fossil
plants not exceed emission rates of 1,000 pounds of CO2 per megawatt - hour.
In their comments, activists said that while H.B. 2004
requires «unit - specific» standards for
coal plants, that does not prohibit carbon emissions trading.
But opponents, including Morrisey and members of West Virginia's Legislature who crafted H.B. 2004, argue that EPA legally can only
require specific changes to make
coal plants run more efficiently.
«If the [Clean Power Plan] is implemented in West Virginia, credits or allowances will be
required for
coal plants to continue to operate,» said Longview Power LLC, which boasts it owns the cleanest
coal plant in the state, during a December presentation.
The EPA rules
require new and existing
coal - and oil - fired
plants to reduce air pollutants — including mercury, arsenic, chromium, nickel, hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid, among others — by 2015.
What in effect, we would be doing is displacing 300 oil - fired power
plants and another 300
coal - fired power
plants; so the land
required for 600 fossil fuel power
plants — if you are going to think that way, if you consider the whole system, which includes mining
coal, which includes drilling for oil, the refining of all that, it's not just the power
plant — that the land tradeoff actually gets to be fairly close, you know, the solar power
plant is the footprint of the solar power and that's it.
So one interesting factoid in the article is that although that huge land mass that we are talking about seems just, you know, mind boggling, according to the article, it's actually less land [than] that's [what's]
required to run 300 equivalent energy output
coal plants.
Some experts say that
coal - fired
plants can only become truly clean if the government and industry pump billions of dollars into the technological upgrades
required to extract the carbon dioxide gas created during combustion and sequester it semipermanently deep underground.
Another measure, the federal Cross-State Air Pollution Rule, will
require still more expensive controls on
coal plants in the Midwest and South to reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions that travel across state lines, creating ozone and fine particle pollution downwind.
In addition to the
coal waste, the team is working with marginal soils, such as those in desert climates, which normally
require large amounts of water and chemical fertilisers in order for
plants to grow.
Whereas solar or wind farms have few negative environmental side effects, they
require more space and produce less energy than environmentally unfriendly
coal plants.
Representative Rob Bishop (R — UT), chair of the House Natural Resources Committee, earlier this spring floated the idea that EPA should be
required to engage in formal consultations with FWS over the impact of the power
plant regulations, which could force some of these
coal plants to close.
As the second - biggest
coal - fired facility west of the Mississippi, Colstrip's power
plant could be affected by the Obama administration's Clean Power Plan, which would
require Montana to reduce carbon emissions 47 percent by 2030.
As rumored, EPA will
require that all new natural gas - fired
plants emit no more than 1,000 pounds of carbon dioxide per megawatt - hour, and
coal plants no more than 1,100 pounds per megawatt - hour.
For example, a study by Vasilis Fthenakis and Hung Chul Kim of Columbia University (2009) found that, on a life - cycle electricity - output basis — including direct and indirect land transformation — utility - scale PV in the U.S. Southwest
requires less land than the average U.S. power
plant using surface - mined
coal.
«The only additional
required explanation, clearly stated in my testimony, is that
coal - fired power
plants that capture and sequester the CO2 are consistent with preserving creation, life on the planet as we know it, but the
required technology is not yet ready.
Just recently, Duke was given authority by Bush's former OMB Director, Mitch Daniels to force their customers to assume the risk for the
plant even though the utility commission did not
require Duke to file anything near a current construction cost estimate for the 630 Megawatt
plant they are seeking to build in what is already the largest concentration of
coal fired capacity in the world, SW Indiana.
In a widely cited study on «The Future of
Coal,» M.I.T. experts said that an enormous increase in investment in industrial - scale demonstration
plants would be
required now even to know in 10 or 15 years if the technology can work at a meaningful scale.
In a way, it makes sense that GOP politicians would be so cavalier about dismantling those Clean Air Act rules that would
require better pollution controls on
coal plants — after all, as a group largely comprised of affluent white men, they've probably never had to live next door to one.
EPA Sues Louisiana
Coal - Fired Power
Plant to Install
Required Pollution Controls, Seeks Civil Damages
To approximate our current
coal generation capacity would
require increasing the global complement of nuclear
plants from some 500 to at least 4,000 units.
That would
require adding roughly 1,000 gigawatts of renewable and nuclear generation capacity — about equivalent to all of China's
coal burning
plants today.
-- Of those 274
coal plants, more than one - third are not
required to monitor or report discharges of these toxic metals to government agencies or to the public.
which the bill detractors prefer serves to protect the status quo, which includes the messy business of oil and
coal recovery and the laziness of auto manufacturers; in addition, sequestration would
require REGULATIONS in order for power
plants to adopt it.
Coal plants will have to meet these standards by 2021, which will
require 70 % of existing capacity to install expensive new technologies.
This puts Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a bind: He knows he needs to increase India's power supply (one avenue for doing this is investing in dirty
coal - fired
plants), but he also knows that being the lone obstructionist at global climate talks will impede his ability to deliver on a range of his campaign promises, many of which
require global finance.
One reason for the uptick in
coal - fired generation in Europe has been the looming deadline for the EU's Large Combustion
Plant Directive, which will
require older
coal plants to meet lower emission levels by the end of 2015 or be mothballed.
Power generators are turning away from
coal for a host of reasons: In some instances natural gas is cheaper; many states are
requiring utilities to generate a certain portion of electricity from renewable resources; individual cities (and even an entire Canadian province) have decided to stop purchasing electricity created by burning
coal; and new Environmental Protection Agency regulations are making it more expensive and less economical to use
coal plants.
At a plausible GHG emissions price of $ 50 / t CO2eq under a future US carbon mitigation policy, such co-production systems competing as power suppliers would be able to provide low - GHG - emitting synthetic fuels at the same unit cost as for
coal synfuels characterized by ten times the GHG emission rate that are produced in
plants having three times the synfuel output capacity and
requiring twice the total capital investment.
The limits are so low, in fact, that they essentially
require new
coal plants to be built with a technology that has yet to be deployed in the power industry: carbon capture and sequestration.
«An unknown amount of wood will be
required for co-firing in
coal plants, with estimates for Ohio alone, where the State's Public Utilities Commission has approved over 2,100 MW of biomass power, of about 20 million tons of wood
required for fuel annually»
TVA spokesman Mike Bradley said TVA's
coal - fired
plants have water discharge permits that
require them to meet «stringent water quality standards to protect water quality in our service areas.»
Because German law
requires renewable energy to be used first on the German grid, when Germany exports excess electricity to its European neighbors it primarily comes from
coal plants... «If you want to use fluctuating renewable power, you have to upgrade the grids across Europe,» says Daniel Genz, a policy adviser with Vattenfall.
«There's a new sheriff in town,» agrees Salon's Andrew Leonard, pointing out that last week the Obama EPA started its own lawsuit over a
coal power
plant upgrade in Kansas that allegedly failed to add in
required pollution controls.
It also emits more CO2 than
coal plants and to this writer it seems strange that the UK will look to North and South America to supply them with biomass fuel that
requires processing and shipment thousands of miles, when they (Drax) could use locally mined
coal to generate power.
This includes support for policies that: (1)
require the installation and operation of state - of - the - art air pollution control technologies and (2) encourage conversion to cleaner energy resources and / or permanent retirement of
coal - fired power
plants.
In January, FERC, an independent regulatory government agency that is officially organized as part of the Department of Energy (DOE), thwarted a DOE proposal to
require independent system operators and regional transmission organizations to establish «just and reasonable» rates for resilient and reliable
plants, such as
coal and nuclear baseload generators.
Gasifying the
coal and capturing the CO2 before combustion was not an option; that would have
required an entirely new
plant like Kemper.
The report says that many
coal - fired
plants are not
required to limit toxic metal discharges because of lax regulations last updated in 1982.
Biocoal replaces ordinary
coal without
requiring major refits of
coal - fired power
plants.