Cullmann argues that there is no biblical link between
resurrection of the body and the soul's immortality.
Not exact matches
And, in her Assumption into heaven body and soul, she is its completion, Therefore, through Jesus's life, death and resurrection, she is the perfect foundation of the Chur
And, in her Assumption into heaven
body and soul, she is its completion, Therefore, through Jesus's life, death and resurrection, she is the perfect foundation of the Chur
and soul, she is its completion, Therefore, through Jesus's life, death
and resurrection, she is the perfect foundation of the Chur
and resurrection, she is the perfect foundation
of the Church.
From around the time
of the French Revolution (1789) onwards some people expressed their contempt for Christian belief in the
resurrection of the
body and the existence
of the
soul by choosing cremation instead
of Christian burial.
He never thought, after the Greek fashion,
of soul as pure being, capable
of disembodiment, but spoke, as his Jewish contemporaries did,
of future life in terms
of bodily
resurrection,
and on that basis he discussed life after death with the skeptical Sadducees, protesting only against the popular, contemporary ways
of conceiving the raised
body and its uses in the next world.
Building on the Platonic understanding
of hell as the place where unpunished violations
of justice are requited, Schall argues it is the consequence
of our free will («the other side
of human dignity»)
and of the significance
of human action, opening up trains
of thought in the direction
of the immortality
of the
soul and the
resurrection of the
body -
and finding this all pleasurable, «even amusing» (p. 121) in terms
of logic
and reason.
As a consequence, the old theology de-emphasized or conveniently ignored the fact
of the
resurrection of the
body and the redemption
of material creation
and spoke instead
and almost exclusively
of the salvation
of the
soul pictured as being supratemporal
and metaphysical.
He emphasizes the affirmation
of the goodness
of the material world, the refusal to regard the
body as evil,
and the significance
of the
resurrection doctrine in opposition to the Greek views
of the immortality
of the
soul.
However, if we do not assume the Greek idea
of a temporary separation
of body and soul, then we can think
of the
resurrection as affecting the whole person, all at once — as the ancient Jews thought
of it.
In this view, the
resurrection of the
body is immediate,
and the
soul is the prime agent.
In lecturing on Plato's dialogue Phaedo, where Socrates sets forth the view that the afterlife is a state
of being where the
soul passively contemplates the eternal Forms, I would draw a clear contrast between that
and the New Testament teaching about the
resurrection of the
body.
The recovery
of the doctrine
of the
resurrection of the
body overagainst the immortality
of the
soul helped to prepare for Christian reaffirmation
of the goodness
of bodily existence
and its sexuality.
The biblical expression for this action is the
resurrection of the
body, thus preserving the doctrine
of the unity
of man,
and rejecting the conception
of the
soul as a spiritual entity in man which is naturally endowed with the capacity to persist beyond death.
It seems to me that the immortality
of the
soul requires the
resurrection of the
body and, conversely, the
resurrection of the
body also requires the immortality
of the
soul.
Moreover, if the personal immortality
of the
soul is effected by God
and God alone, then the
resurrection of the
body in its immortal dimension would also be God's act.
This leads naturally to the fourth
and final component
of the idea
of pure sacrifice: the ontological vision which sees Being without immortality
of the
soul or
resurrection of the
body.
The next important element in the idiom
of resurrection is that it is concerned with the destiny
of the whole man,
soul and body, spirit
and flesh.
Now, for the time that intervenes between man's death
and the final
resurrection, there is a secret shelter for his
soul, as each is worthy
of rest or affliction according to what it has merited while it lived in the
body.
Since the Greeks (as indeed most
of the ancient world though often in vague
and undefined ways) were accustomed to think
of death in terms
of the survival
of an immaterial
soul, the Jewish emphasis on the
resurrection of the fleshly
body seemed not only unnecessary, but unspiritual
and even repellent.
Reinhold Niebuhr wrote in 1939, «The idea
of the
resurrection of the
body is a Biblical symbol in which modern minds find the greatest offence
and which has long since been displaced in most modern versions
of the Christian faith by the idea
of the immortality
of the
soul.61
The second century witnessed the chief period
of conflict between the Jewish «
resurrection of the
body»
and the Platonic «immortality
of the
soul» in the developing thought
of Christians.
They have confused «immortality
of the
soul» with whatever may be intended by the biblical phrase «
resurrection of the
body»; while theologians have attempted, as we have already observed, when I described the older scheme which comprised the last things, to bring the two conceptions together in a fashion which will retain each
of them
and yet relate them so that a consistent pattern may be provided.
This concept
of «
soul,»
and the physicalism proposed by many
of the contributors, is unacceptable to those who hold that Christianity teaches that man is one unified being but composed
of two essential parts - a physical
body and a properly spiritual
soul which, though the substantial form
of the
body, is a subsistent entity capable
of conscious existence when separated from its
body between an individual's death
and the General
Resurrection.
«Since it has been entrusted to the Church to reveal the mystery
of God, Who is the ultimate goal
of man, she opens up to man at the same time the meaning
of his own existence, that is, the innermost truth about himself... For by His incarnation the Father's Word assumed,
and sanctified through His cross
and resurrection, the whole
of man,
body and soul,
and through that totality the whole
of nature created by God for man's use» (41).
Concerning the survival
of the human personality after death, whether in the Platonic sense
of the immortality
of the
soul or the biblical sense
of the
resurrection of the
body, Hartshorne is at times agnostic
and at others quite skeptical.
Yes, I look for the
resurrection of my well - beloved who are already born for eternity I look for the birth for eternity
of all humanity,
of those who are called to eternal life with the death
of my earthly
body and the agony
of my
soul, attached to this earth... my theodicy is smile: I look for the
resurrection of the dead
and the life
of the world to come.
The wisdom
of the
resurrection, he wrote to Scottish philosopher Norman Kemp Smith in 1940, was «the idea that the fulfillment
of life does not mean the negation
and destruction
of historical reality (which is a unity
of body -
soul, freedom - necessity, time - eternity) but the completion
of this unity.»
His devotion to the Torah exhibits a knowledge
of both written
and oral law (a basic definition
of Pharisaism as opposed to Sadducism
and Essenism),
and he repeatedly affirmed the Pharisaic doctrine
of the
resurrection of the
body and the eternal life
of the
soul.
No good purpose is served by concealing this fact, as is often done today when things that are really incompatible are combined by the following type
of over-simplified reasoning: that whatever in early Christian teaching appears to us irreconcilable with the immortality
of the
soul, viz. the
resurrection of the
body, is not an essential affirmation for the first Christians but simply an accommodation to the mythological expressions
of the thought
of their time,
and that the heart
of the matter is the immortality
of the
soul.
It has been said against me, «I can accept the immortality
of the
soul, but not the
resurrection of the
body», or «I can not believe that our loved ones merely sleep for an indeterminate period,
and that I myself, when I die, shall merely sleep while awaiting the
resurrection».
Since they were not concerned, as we have to be, about the relations
of soul and body,
resurrection meant to them God's continuance
of the whole person.
First, the interest in bodily
resurrection demonstrates that Christians understood the person as composed
of soul and body, not primarily as
soul.
(Ibid., 4:7 - 15) Here we find, growing in Judaism under Greek influence, a specific idea
of the immortality
of the
soul as distinct from the
resurrection of the
body,
and this doctrine rises into notable expression:
And the Catechism of the Catholic Church affirms clearly: «The Church teaches that every spiritual soul is created immediately by God - it is not «produced» by the parents - and also that it is immortal: it does not perish when it separates from the body at death, and it will be reunited with the body at the final Resurrection.&raq
And the Catechism
of the Catholic Church affirms clearly: «The Church teaches that every spiritual
soul is created immediately by God - it is not «produced» by the parents -
and also that it is immortal: it does not perish when it separates from the body at death, and it will be reunited with the body at the final Resurrection.&raq
and also that it is immortal: it does not perish when it separates from the
body at death,
and it will be reunited with the body at the final Resurrection.&raq
and it will be reunited with the
body at the final
Resurrection.»
They include the naming
of angels (Michael, Raphael
and so on); a personal Devil (which Satan later became) with accompanying demons; a Book
of Life which records the deeds
of people during their lifetime; a coming cosmic conflict in which the forces
of evil will be finally overthrown; the separation
of the
soul from the
body at death; a general
resurrection and a universal judgement;
and an afterlife with rewards
and punishments.
Christian theologians in later ages engaged in the well - nigh impossible task
of holding together the «immortality
of the
soul»
and the «
resurrection of the
body».
It is certainly the case that Thomas Aquinas,
and many following him, thought
of the
soul as the «form», or information - bearing pattern,
of the
body,
and that they saw the Christian hope
of the
resurrection as being the reimbodiment
of that form by God in a new environment
of His choosing.