Christy is correct to note that the model average warming trend (0.23 °C / decade for 1978 - 2011) is a bit higher than observations (0.17 °C / decade over the same timeframe), but that is because over the past decade virtually every natural influence on global temperatures has acted in the cooling direction (i.e. an extended solar minimum,
rising aerosols emissions, and increased heat storage in the deep oceans).
Not exact matches
It might well prove to have been impossible to keep temps from
rising more than 1.5 C (because they might have
risen above that if we stopped all
emissions now — e.g. the lack of
aerosols alone might be enough to push temps beyond that).
«While
aerosol emissions have fallen in Europe and the US (and in the former Soviet Union after 1991), they are now
rising rapidly in China and India.
This means that the «pause,» or whatever you want to call it, in the
rise of global surface temperatures is even more significant than it is generally taken to be, because whatever is the reason behind it, it is not only acting to slow the
rise from greenhouse gas
emissions but also the added
rise from changes in
aerosol emissions.
There are several reasons for this; for example,
aerosol emissions have
risen, there has been a preponderance of La Niña events at the end of this timeframe, there has been increased heat storage in the deep oceans, and there was also an extended solar minimum.
In the opposite transition to rapid warming in 1975, once again I am struck by the fact that while
aerosol emissions ceased to
rise, they did not disappear entirely from the atmosphere, but began a gradual decline from a high peak.
While developed countries and regions have long been culprits for Earth's
rising greenhouse gas
emissions, Cornell researchers — balancing the role of
aerosols along with carbons in the equation — now predict a time when developing countries will contribute more to climate change than advanced societies: 2030.
Now, the only way that a business recession could cause a temporary
rise in average global temperatures is for the reduced industrial activity to result in a reduction in the amount of SO2
aerosol emissions into the troposphere.
Over the past decade,
aerosol emissions (which cause cooling by blocking sunlight) have
risen, solar activity has been low, there has been a preponderance of La Niña events (which also cause short - term surface cooling), and heat has accumulated in the deep oceans.
Rising population and over-grazing by livestock was the first theory but studies now show the drought resulted from changes in ocean surface temperatures Folland et al (1986) Giannini et al (2003) which are likely due in part to the sulphate
aerosol pollution of Europe and North America Rotstayn & Lohmann (2002) Biasutti & Gainnini (2006) and thus it is the cleaning of
emissions from power stations that has likely allowed the rains to return.
They concluded that with a bit of help from changes in solar output and natural climatic cycles such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the growth in the volume of
aerosols being pumped up power station chimneys was probably enough to block the warming effect of
rising greenhouse gas
emissions over the period 1998 - 2008.
«In our mor recent global model simulations the ocean heat - uptake is slower than previously estimated, the ocean uptake of carbon is weaker, feedbacks from the land system as temperature
rises are stronger, cumulative
emissions of greenhouse gases over the century are higher, and offsetting cooling from
aerosol emissions is lower.
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Emissions, India, Lessons, Pollution, Research, Resilience, Vulnerability Comments Off on
Aerosols Confirmed
Rising Over India
A decline in temperature during 1940 - 1970 of about 0.1 oC occurred, despite continuing
rise in
emissions, due to
aerosol reflectance effects and a decline in the sun spot cycle.
Regardless of the cause, which some have attempted to explain as due to industrial
aerosol cooling, one can't accuse CO2
emissions of raising global temperatures during a period when there was no such
rise.
If we add in the warming effects of the other long - lived greenhouse gases, the best estimate
rises to 1.22 °C surface warming caused by human
emissions (we've only observed ~ 0.8 °C warming because much of that has been offset by human
aerosol emissions).