These dogs are very likely to develop PRA associated with the IG - PRA1
risk allele by the time they reach 5 - 7 years of age.
Not exact matches
The research
by scientists at Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Columbia University shows a link between a particular
allele for serotonin found at a higher frequency in those at
risk of depression because of family history, and those who go on to develop major depressive disorder.
Having this
allele reduces the
risk of severe malaria
by about 40 % in Kenyan children, with a slightly smaller effect across all the other populations studied.
Genome - wide association studies (GWAS) have demonstrated a significant polygenic contribution to bipolar disorder (BD) where disease
risk is determined
by the summation of many
alleles of small
Furthermore, sex - specific differences in gene polymorphism are suggested
by one study showing that diabetic women carrying ACE D
allele have a higher
risk for development of diabetic nephropathy, which was not seen in diabetic men (Table 2)(331).
Common
risk alleles are often detected
by genome - wide association studies (GWAS) 1,2.
However, in subgroup analyses stratified
by age, we found that the deletion
allele was associated with increased
risk for lung cancer among individuals < 50 years of age (OR 2.17, CI 1.19 - 3.97), and that the association was gradually reduced with increasing age (p = 0.01).
11 ApoE4 heterozygotes (people with one
allele) have a five-fold increased
risk of developing AD, and homozygotes (two
alleles) are estimated to have a staggering lifetime
risk between 50 - 90 percent.12 Despite this seemingly damning genetic heritage, the ApoE4
allele is neither required nor sufficient for development of AD, as 50 percent of people with AD are not carriers, and some E4 homozygotes never develop the disease.13 On the other hand, the other known
risk factor — hyperinsulinism — elevates
risk by 43 percent independently of ApoE status.
When participants were stratified
by CYP1A2 genotype, the increased
risk of MI associated with coffee intake was observed only among carriers of the slow * 1F
allele (P =.04 for gene × coffee interaction).
It has been suggested that the positive associations reported in case - control studies may have resulted from recall bias or confounding
by factors such as smoking.19, 34 However, because we observed an association between coffee and
risk of MI among carriers of the * 1F
allele, and not among those homozygous for the * 1A
allele, the associations between coffee and MI are unlikely due to recall bias or residual confounding.
One approach, developed largely in collaboration with Dr. Elaine Ostrander at the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health and Dr. Kerstin Lindblad - Toh at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, seeks to map
risk alleles in Portuguese Water Dogs, Golden Retrievers, and German Shepherds using resources made available
by the recent completion of the Canine Genome Project.
This tells us that heritability contributes to
risk, and so it may be possible to reduce the incidence
by eliminating the highest
risk alleles from the population.
Moreover, overrepresentation of a popular sire's genome
risks the widespread dissemination of monogenetic inherited disorders
by inflating the
allele frequency of recessive deleterious variants carried
by the sire and increasing the probability of identity
by descent of undesirable
alleles in his descendants [18,20,21].
The study also demonstrates that
risk for depression associated with the s
allele and stressful life events is further moderated
by social support quality and availability.
By extension, S
allele carriers may be more likely to demonstrate negative cognitive biases, such as engage in narrow thinking and cognitive focus, which facilitate maintenance to collectivistic cultural norms of social conformity and interdependence, whereas L
allele carriers may exhibit positive cognitive biases, such as open, creative thinking and greater willingness to take
risks, which promote individualistic cultural norms of self - expression and autonomy (Isen et al. 1987; Fredrickson 2001).