«It can amplify and unmask ecological and socio - political weaknesses and increase
the risk of adverse health outcomes in socially vulnerable regions.»
Not exact matches
Helping adolescent males to delay fatherhood may also be important from a child
health perspective: research that controlled for maternal age and other key factors found teenage fatherhood associated with an increased
risk of adverse pregnancy
outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight and neonatal death (Chen et al, 2007).
Enabling women to breastfeed is also a public
health priority because, on a population level, interruption
of lactation is associated with
adverse health outcomes for the woman and her child, including higher maternal
risks of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, and greater infant
risks of infectious disease, sudden infant death syndrome, and metabolic disease (2, 4).
In today's peer - reviewed Journal
of Midwifery & Women's
Health (JMWH), a landmark study confirms that among low -
risk women, planned home births result in low rates
of interventions without an increase in
adverse outcomes for mothers and babies.
Poor nutrition during these critical growth and developmental periods places infants and children at
risk of impaired emotional and cognitive development and
adverse health outcomes.
She suggests that inappropriately designed fitness programs and services put users at increased
risk of injury and
adverse health outcomes rather than providing them with the tools to build a healthy lifestyle.
«Although signs suggest that obstetric interventions are being used too readily in developed countries, the lower rates we saw among First Nations mothers are
of concern when coupled with the known increased
risk of adverse perinatal and infant
outcomes,» writes Corinne Riddell, PhD candidate, Department
of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational
Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, with coauthors.
«Abnormalities in thyroid function can have an
adverse effect on reproductive
health and result in reduced rates
of conception, increased miscarriage
risk and
adverse pregnancy and neonatal
outcomes,» said study co-author Amanda Jefferys in a journal news release.
The World
Health Organization recommended less than 10 % of calories from added sugar based on its assessment of higher consumption and adverse health outcomes.4 With the evidence of higher added sugar consumption and adverse health outcomes accumulating, the American Heart Association recommended that total calories from added sugar should be less than 100 calories / d for most women and less than 150 calories / d for most men.5 Our analysis suggests that participants who consumed greater than or equal to 10 % but less than 25 % of calories from added sugar, the level below the Institute of Medicine recommendation and above the World Health Organization / American Heart Association recommendation, had a 30 % higher risk of CVD mortality; for those who consumed 25 % or more of calories from added sugar, the relative risk was nearly tripled (fully adjusted HR,
Health Organization recommended less than 10 %
of calories from added sugar based on its assessment
of higher consumption and
adverse health outcomes.4 With the evidence of higher added sugar consumption and adverse health outcomes accumulating, the American Heart Association recommended that total calories from added sugar should be less than 100 calories / d for most women and less than 150 calories / d for most men.5 Our analysis suggests that participants who consumed greater than or equal to 10 % but less than 25 % of calories from added sugar, the level below the Institute of Medicine recommendation and above the World Health Organization / American Heart Association recommendation, had a 30 % higher risk of CVD mortality; for those who consumed 25 % or more of calories from added sugar, the relative risk was nearly tripled (fully adjusted HR,
health outcomes.4 With the evidence
of higher added sugar consumption and
adverse health outcomes accumulating, the American Heart Association recommended that total calories from added sugar should be less than 100 calories / d for most women and less than 150 calories / d for most men.5 Our analysis suggests that participants who consumed greater than or equal to 10 % but less than 25 % of calories from added sugar, the level below the Institute of Medicine recommendation and above the World Health Organization / American Heart Association recommendation, had a 30 % higher risk of CVD mortality; for those who consumed 25 % or more of calories from added sugar, the relative risk was nearly tripled (fully adjusted HR,
health outcomes accumulating, the American Heart Association recommended that total calories from added sugar should be less than 100 calories / d for most women and less than 150 calories / d for most men.5 Our analysis suggests that participants who consumed greater than or equal to 10 % but less than 25 %
of calories from added sugar, the level below the Institute
of Medicine recommendation and above the World
Health Organization / American Heart Association recommendation, had a 30 % higher risk of CVD mortality; for those who consumed 25 % or more of calories from added sugar, the relative risk was nearly tripled (fully adjusted HR,
Health Organization / American Heart Association recommendation, had a 30 % higher
risk of CVD mortality; for those who consumed 25 % or more
of calories from added sugar, the relative
risk was nearly tripled (fully adjusted HR, 2.75).
Recalling the concern reflected in the
outcome document
of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, entitled «The future we want», 1 that the
health of oceans and marine biodiversity are negatively affected by marine pollution, including marine debris, especially plastic, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and nitrogen - based compounds, from numerous marine and land - based sources, and the commitment to take action to significantly reduce the incidence and impacts
of such pollution on marine ecosystems, Noting the international action being taken to promote the sound management
of chemicals throughout their life cycle and waste in ways that lead to the prevention and minimization
of significant
adverse effects on human
health and the environment, Recalling the Manila Declaration on Furthering the Implementation
of the Global Programme
of Action for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land - based Activities adopted by the Third Intergovernmental Review Meeting on the Implementation
of the Global Programme
of Action for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land - based Activities, which highlighted the relevance
of the Honolulu Strategy and the Honolulu Commitment and recommended the establishment
of a global partnership on marine litter, Taking note
of the decisions adopted by the eleventh Conference
of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity on addressing the impacts
of marine debris on marine and coastal biodiversity, Recalling that the General Assembly declared 2014 the International Year
of Small Island Developing States and that such States have identified waste management among their priorities for action, Noting with concern the serious impact which marine litter, including plastics stemming from land and sea - based sources, can have on the marine environment, marine ecosystem services, marine natural resources, fisheries, tourism and the economy, as well as the potential
risks to human
health; 1.
This
risk analysis allows stakeholders to develop initiatives to address the upstream social determinants
of downstream physical and emotional
health outcomes for children experiencing
adverse events.
In 2010, more than 1 in 5 children were reported to be living in poverty.6, 10 Economic disadvantage is among the most potent
risks for behavioral and emotional problems due to increased exposure to environmental, familial, and psychosocial
risks.11 — 13 In families in which parents are in military service, parental deployment and return has been determined to be a
risk factor for behavioral and emotional problems in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey
of Children's
Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experi
Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number
of psychosocial
risks and many poor
health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experi
health outcomes, including social - emotional
health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experi
health.15 The
Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experiences.
Children who experience poverty, particularly during early life or for an extended period, are at
risk of a host
of adverse health and developmental
outcomes through their life course.1 Poverty has a profound effect on specific circumstances, such as birth weight, infant mortality, language development, chronic illness, environmental exposure, nutrition, and injury.
Bright Futures, the AAP
health promotion initiative, provides resources for pediatricians to detect both ACEs and
adverse developmental
outcomes.36 Programs like Reach Out and Read, in which pediatricians distribute books and model reading, simultaneously promote emergent literacy and parent — child relationships through shared reading.37, 38 However, ACEs can not be addressed in isolation and require collaborative efforts with partners in the education, home visitation, and other social service sectors in synergistic efforts to strengthen families.29 In this way, programs like Help Me Grow39 that create streamlined access to early childhood services for at -
risk children can play a critical role in building an integrated system that connects families to needed resources to enhance the development
of vulnerable children.
Cannabis use can be a significant contributor to poor mental
health, particularly when it begins at a young age.4, 5 The
adverse mental
health effects
of cannabis use in the general population are increasingly recognised, including anxiety, depression, 6 — 8 psychotic disorders, 4, 9 — 12 dependence6, 7, 13 withdrawal14, 15 and cognitive impairment.16, 17 Starting to use cannabis before age 15 is associated with an increased likelihood
of developing later psychotic disorders, increased
risk of dependence, other drug use, and poor educational and psychosocial
outcomes.5
The overall objective is to assess the impact
of numerous
adverse childhood experiences on a variety
of health behaviors and outcomes and health care use.23 The ACE Study was approved by the institutional review boards of Kaiser Permanente, Emory University, and the Office of Protection from Research Risks, National Institutes of H
health behaviors and
outcomes and
health care use.23 The ACE Study was approved by the institutional review boards of Kaiser Permanente, Emory University, and the Office of Protection from Research Risks, National Institutes of H
health care use.23 The ACE Study was approved by the institutional review boards
of Kaiser Permanente, Emory University, and the Office
of Protection from Research
Risks, National Institutes
of HealthHealth.
Relative to children with no ACEs, children who experienced ACEs had increased odds
of having below - average academic skills including poor literacy skills, as well as attention problems, social problems, and aggression, placing them at significant
risk for poor school achievement, which is associated with poor
health.23 Our study adds to the growing literature on
adverse outcomes associated with ACEs3 — 9,24 — 28 by pointing to ACEs during early childhood as a
risk factor for child academic and behavioral problems that have implications for education and
health trajectories, as well as achievement gaps and
health disparities.
Felitti and colleagues1 first described ACEs and defined it as exposure to psychological, physical or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction including substance abuse (problem drinking / alcoholic and / or street drugs), mental illness, a mother treated violently and criminal behaviour in the household.1 Along with the initial ACE study, other studies have characterised ACEs as neglect, parental separation, loss
of family members or friends, long - term financial adversity and witness to violence.2 3 From the original cohort
of 9508 American adults, more than half
of respondents (52 %) experienced at least one
adverse childhood event.1 Since the original cohort, ACE exposures have been investigated globally revealing comparable prevalence to the original cohort.4 5 More recently in 2014, a survey
of 4000 American children found that 60.8 %
of children had at least one form
of direct experience
of violence, crime or abuse.6 The ACE study precipitated interest in the
health conditions
of adults maltreated as children as it revealed links to chronic diseases such as obesity, autoimmune diseases, heart, lung and liver diseases, and cancer in adulthood.1 Since then, further evidence has revealed relationships between ACEs and physical and mental
health outcomes, such as increased
risk of substance abuse, suicide and premature mortality.4 7
The higher
risk for maternal postpartum depression is also associated with reduced parenting skills, which may have negative consequences for the development
of the child.28 — 30 Parents
of obese children may lack effective parenting skills providing both a consistent structured frame and emotional support.31 In women with GDM, psychosocial vulnerability including low levels
of social and family networks is associated with more
adverse neonatal
outcomes, especially increased birth weight.32 Thus, there is a tight interaction between maternal lifestyle, weight status, mental
health, social support as well as between maternal and child's overall
health.
Because a large proportion
of children most at
risk for
adverse developmental
outcomes are also children covered by the Medicaid program (Title XIX) and the State Child
Health Insurance Program (Title XXI), these 2 governmental programs potentially have a major role in determining what services are provided and how they are paid for.
The
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study looked at over 17000 middle class, middle - aged Americans (average age in the 50s) and found dose - dependent associations between the number of adverse childhood experiences (see Table 1) and a wide array of outcomes, including markers for social functioning, sexual health, mental health, risk factors for common diseases, and prevalent diseases (see Table 2).4, 6 The retrospective ACE Study and several smaller but prospective studies indicate that adverse experiences in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical health decades later.1,
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study looked at over 17000 middle class, middle - aged Americans (average age in the 50s) and found dose - dependent associations between the number
of adverse childhood experiences (see Table 1) and a wide array of outcomes, including markers for social functioning, sexual health, mental health, risk factors for common diseases, and prevalent diseases (see Table 2).4, 6 The retrospective ACE Study and several smaller but prospective studies indicate that adverse experiences in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical health decades later.1,
adverse childhood experiences (see Table 1) and a wide array
of outcomes, including markers for social functioning, sexual
health, mental
health,
risk factors for common diseases, and prevalent diseases (see Table 2).4, 6 The retrospective ACE Study and several smaller but prospective studies indicate that
adverse experiences in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical health decades later.1,
adverse experiences in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical
health decades later.1, 2,5,10
Compared to non-LD peers, youth with LD frequently report feelings
of loneliness, stress, depression and suicide, among other psychiatric symptoms.15, 16 For example, in the National Longitudinal Study
of Adolescent
Health, the LD sample was twice as likely to report a suicide attempt in the past year.16 Longitudinal research on
risk - taking indicates that, compared to non-LD peers, adolescents with LD engage more frequently in various
risk behaviours.17 Therefore, the presence
of LD in childhood appears to confer a general
risk for
adverse outcomes throughout adolescence and into adulthood.
On social - emotional measures, foster children in the NSCAW study tended to have more compromised functioning than would be expected from a high -
risk sample.43 Moreover, as indicated in the previous section, research suggests that foster children are more likely than nonfoster care children to have insecure or disordered attachments, and the
adverse long - term
outcomes associated with such attachments.44 Many studies
of foster children postulate that a majority have mental
health difficulties.45 They have higher rates
of depression, poorer social skills, lower adaptive functioning, and more externalizing behavioral problems, such as aggression and impulsivity.46 Additionally, research has documented high levels
of mental
health service utilization among foster children47 due to both greater mental
health needs and greater access to services.
Researchers looked at various
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE's include (a) psychological abuse, (b) physical abuse, (c) sexual abuse, (d) substance abuse by a household family member, (e) mental illness
of a household family member, (f) spousal or partner violence, and (g) criminal behaviour resulting in the incarceration
of a household member) and how they are related to adulthood
health risk behaviours and disease
outcome.
Audience members will hear from maternal and child
health leaders in New Jersey on the Maternal Wraparound Program to promote maternal
health, improve birth
outcomes for women, their infants and families and reduce the
risks and
adverse consequences
of prenatal substance exposure.
3 THE EXTENT AND CHARACTER
OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about
health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1
Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outc
Risk factors and
health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4
Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
Health measures in the first four years
of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
of life 3.5 Overview
of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical
health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial
health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in
health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to
risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outc
risk factors likely to have an
adverse impact on
health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to
risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outc
risk factors for poor
health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure
of negative outcom
of negative
outcomes
The first year
of life is a period
of rapid development critical to infants»
health, emotional well - being and developmental trajectories.1, 2 The first signs
of mental
health problems are often exhibited during infancy; however, the symptoms may be overlooked by parents and healthcare providers because they can be less intrusive when a child is young.3 — 8 Early onset
of emotional or behavioural problems increases the
risk of numerous
adverse outcomes that persist into adolescence and adulthood, such as delinquency, violence, substance abuse, mental
health problems, teen pregnancies, school dropout and long - term unemployment.1, 2, 4, 9 — 14
Tobacco use during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight and
adverse perinatal
health outcomes.2, 3 In children, exposure to second - hand smoke (SHS) from tobacco contributes to lower respiratory tract illness, otitis media and chronic middle ear effusion, 4,5 and is associated with an increased
risk of childhood asthma.6, 7
Previous studies have documented the association between bullying and both
health behaviors and symptoms.21, 43,44 These studies indicate that while being bullied is associated with difficulty making friends and lower use of alcohol, 21 perpetration of bullying is associated with more time spent with friends44 and increased use of alcohol and cigarettes.21 This suggests that although adolescents who are bullied may be at less risk for adverse health outcomes associated with substance use, they may be at increased risk for somatic complaints associated with poor peer relationships.3, 18 New initiatives such as the US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
health behaviors and symptoms.21, 43,44 These studies indicate that while being bullied is associated with difficulty making friends and lower use
of alcohol, 21 perpetration
of bullying is associated with more time spent with friends44 and increased use
of alcohol and cigarettes.21 This suggests that although adolescents who are bullied may be at less
risk for
adverse health outcomes associated with substance use, they may be at increased risk for somatic complaints associated with poor peer relationships.3, 18 New initiatives such as the US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
health outcomes associated with substance use, they may be at increased
risk for somatic complaints associated with poor peer relationships.3, 18 New initiatives such as the US Department
of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
Health and Human Services,
Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence
of bullying.
Loneliness, or perceived social isolation, has repeatedly been associated with an increased
risk of adverse somatic
health outcomes, independent
of depression and anxiety, in adults [26 — 30].
The timing and duration
of depressive symptoms are likely to be associated with a varying
risk of mood - related
adverse outcomes relevant to maternal and child
health.
Although no studies have yet examined whether maternal relationship quality during pregnancy is linked to the
risk of infectious disease in the offspring, there is growing evidence from animal models that a link exists between prenatal maternal stress and a wide range
of adverse health outcomes in the offspring, including immune dysfunction and infectious diseases [14,15].