According to a new study led by a team at Duke University, airborne particulate matter and dust are cutting solar photovoltaic energy output by more than 25 % in certain parts of the world, with
roughly equal contributions from ambient PM and PM deposited on photovoltaic surfaces.
A secondary comment is that radiation and convection make (from what I understand)
roughly equal contributions to surface cooling.
Belgium did so through
a roughly equal contribution of the two.
Not exact matches
As a result, the human
contributions to energy loss are much greater than those from dust, making the two sources
roughly equal antagonists in this case.
Reference Brown (255, 128, 0) is a good indicator of color shifts with angle because of the unequal drive levels and
roughly equal luminance
contributions from Red and Green.
In chapter 11.3.6.3 they conclude: ``... it is concluded that the hiatus is attributable, in
roughly equal measure, to a decline in the rate of increase in effective radiative forcing (ERF) and a cooling
contribution from internal variability (expert judgment, medium confidence)».
«First was reliance on the journalistic norm of balance, where
roughly equal attention was placed the view that humans contribute to climate change, and that our
contribution is negligible,» said Boykoff.
The observed recent warming hiatus, defined as the reduction in GMST trend during 1998 — 2012 as compared to the trend during 1951 — 2012, is attributable in
roughly equal measure to a cooling
contribution from internal variability and a reduced trend in external forcing (expert judgement, medium confidence).
emphasis: «is attributable in
roughly equal measure to a cooling
contribution from internal variability and a reduced trend in external forcing (expert judgment, medium confidence)»
«n summary, the observed recent warming hiatus, defined as the reduction in GMST trend during 1998 — 2012 as compared to the trend during 1951 — 2012, is attributable in
roughly equal measure to a cooling
contribution from internal variability and a reduced trend in external forcing (expert judgment, medium confidence).
This hiatus in GMST rise is discussed in detail in Box 9.2 (Chapter 9), where it is concluded that the hiatus is attributable, in
roughly equal measure, to a decline in the rate of increase in effective radiative forcing (ERF) and a cooling
contribution from internal variability (expert judgment, medium confidence).
-LCB- 9.4, Box 9.2 -RCB- • The observed reduction in surface warming trend over the period 1998 to 2012 as compared to the period 1951 to 2012, is due in
roughly equal measure to a reduced trend in radiative forcing and a cooling
contribution from natural internal variability, which includes a possible redistribution of heat within the ocean (medium confidence).
And when asked what they would do if their employer did not offer a retirement plan and they were automatically enrolled in an IRA administered by their state government with a default annual
contribution of three percent,
roughly equal percentages said they would contribute less than three percent (32 percent), three percent (31 percent), and more than three percent (28 percent).