But instead of orbiting sedately, hundreds of millions of kilometres from their stars, the first crop were frantically whirling
round in close orbits, blistering in hellish heat.
Precession, which decides whether the Earth is
closer to the sun
in July or
in January, is on a 23,000 - year cycle; obliquity, which decides how tilted the axis of the Earth is and therefore how warm the summer is, is on a 41,000 - year cycle; and eccentricity, which decides how
rounded or elongated the Earth's
orbit is and therefore how
close to the sun the planet gets, is on a 100,000 - year cycle.