Roger Hart, a sociologist for UNICEF who developed the original
Ladder of Children's Participation in 1994, identified the first three
rungs as
representing forms
of non-participation.
the dollar amount
of all interest earned on government and corporate debt obligations and short - term certificates
of deposit, as well as interest earned from cash in a brokerage account; for bond
ladders it
represents the estimated annual income that will be received from the securities that make up the
rung; the income is calculated by multiplying the coupon rate by the quantity
of bonds (face value)