The high surface area of these low - cost, commercially available black particles collect solar energy very efficiently, which provides the heating needed on
the saltwater side of the membrane.
Not exact matches
So forward osmosis is a good way to get rid
of a wide range
of contaminants that might be in the water, since the
membrane will weed them out — but you still end up with
saltwater on the other
side, meaning you must go through an additional desalination step at the end to totally purify the water.
A newer option,
membrane distillation, reduces the energy inputs by using
saltwater heated to lower temperatures flowing on one
side of a
membrane while cold freshwater flows on the other.