To test robustness of findings, they: (1) account for one - way trading frictions ranging from 0.02 % to 0.05 % across assets; (2) consider five
subperiods to test consistency over time; and, (3) perform out - of -
sample tests using the first part of each
subperiod to select the best rules and roughly the last year to measure performance of these rules out - of -
sample.