Sentences with phrase «scale atmospheric systems»
We are learning that stability is a common feature of large - scale atmospheric systems in the giant planets: with no solid surface underlying the gas, there is no friction to dissipate atmospheric motions.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/ Not exact matches
Lozier (p. 1507) discusses how recent studies have challenged our view of large - scale ocean circulation as a simple conveyor belt, by revealing a more complex and nuanced system that reflects the effects of ocean eddies and surface atmospheric winds on the structure and variability of the ocean's overturning.
Earth system models integrate atmospheric, oceanic, chemical, and biological processes, many of which are too complex or occur at scales too small to simulate directly (e.g., formation of individual clouds).
This 2006 study found that the effect of amplifying feedbacks in the climate system — where global warming boosts atmospheric CO2 levels — «will promote warming by an extra 15 percent to 78 percent on a century - scale» compared to typical estimates by the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
However, many practical challenges remained in the way of it becoming a successful production tool for use in our game Horizon Zero Dawn: authoring cloudscapes on a regional scale, animation and transitions, integration into our atmospheric system, further optimization to pay for these new features, and the task of creating a language and long term plan for what we want to achieve in the context of our game engine, Decima.
CONTENT CONTAINED IN THIS PACKAGE INCLUDES: - LAYERS OF THE EARTH - THE SOLAR SYSTEM - WEATHERING - EROSION - DEPOSITION - THE EARTH»S ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS - COMPOSITE VOLCANOES - SHIELD VOLCANOES - CINDER CONES - CALDERAS - RENEWABLE ENERGY - PLATE BOUNDARY - SUBDUCTION - DIVERGENT - COLLISION - TRANSORM - LANDFORMS - NORMAL FAULT - REVERSE FAULT - STRIKE - SLIP FAULT - PHASES OF THE MOON - COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS - TYPES OF CLOUDS - GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE - THE WATER CYCLE - MINERAL FORMATION - THE ROCK CYCLE - MOHS HARDNESS SCALE - TYPES OF SOIL - TYPES OF STRESS
We find (i) measurements at all scales show that official inventories consistently underestimate actual CH4 [methane] emissions, with the natural gas and oil sectors as important contributors; (ii) many independent experiments suggest that a small number of «super-emitters» could be responsible for a large fraction of leakage; (iii) recent regional atmospheric studies with very high emissions rates are unlikely to be representative of typical natural gas system leakage rates; and (iv) assessments using 100 - year impact indicators show system - wide leakage is unlikely to be large enough to negate climate benefits of coal - to - natural gas substitution.
Quote: Retired senior NASA atmospheric scientist, Dr. John S. Theon, 15th Jan 2009,» My own belief concerning anthropogenic climate change is that the models do not realistically simulate the climate system because there are many very important sub-grid scale processes that the models either replicate poorly or completely omit.
Modelling interactions between terrestrial and atmospheric systems requires coupling successional models to biogeochemical models and physiological models that describe the exchange of water and energy between vegetation and the atmosphere at fine time - scales.
Syllabus: Lecture 1: Introduction to Global Atmospheric Modelling Lecture 2: Types of Atmospheric and Climate Models Lecture 3: Energy Balance Models Lecture 4: 1D Radiative - Convective Models Lecture 5: General Circulation Models (GCMs) Lecture 6: Atmospheric Radiation Budget Lecture 7: Dynamics of the Atmosphere Lecture 8: Parametrizations of Subgrid - Scale Physical Processes Lecture 9: Chemistry of the Atmosphere Lecture 10: Basic Methods of Solving Model Equations Lecture 11: Coupled Chemistry - Climate Models (CCMs) Lecture 12: Applications of CCMs: Recent developments of atmospheric dynamics and chemistry Lecture 13: Applications of CCMs: Future Polar Ozone Lecture 14: Applications of CCMs: Impact of Transport Emissions Lecture 15: Towards an Earth System Model
The reduction of the full set of model parameters to a single scaling number l, which determines the system and thereby the critical threshold, testifies to a remarkable dynamic similitude with respect to the atmospheric quantities α, β, and q 0.
The system has a large number of interacting parts — cloud, ice, biology, dust, ocean and atmospheric circulation — that together result in climate variation at all scales.
Earth system models integrate atmospheric, oceanic, chemical, and biological processes, many of which are too complex or occur at scales too small to simulate directly (e.g., formation of individual clouds).
But there are considerable differences between such systems and the situation arising from global - scale ocean acidification caused by rising atmospheric CO2.
Associated with our work on atmospheric circulation patterns we are studying energy transport in the earth system and the transport of water in the atmosphere on different time and space scales.
Type 4 statistical downscaling uses transfer functions developed for the present climate, fed with large scale atmospheric information taken from Earth system models representing future climate conditions.
For new technologies the ETA team often starts with a life - cycle energy, water, or materials analysis to understand the technology's impacts when scaled up, and then uses other models as needed, such as an atmospheric chemistry model or energy system model.
Recent global climate change is also likely to affect large - scale atmospheric circulation patterns, with strong nonlinear feedbacks between thermodynamic and dynamic components of the climate system (10, 11).
A comparison of the radiative equilibrium temperatures with the observed temperatures has indicated the extent to which the other atmospheric processes, such as convection, large - scale circulation, and condensation processes, influence the thermal energy balance of the system.
Forests can affect the global climate system by altering large - scale patterns in atmospheric waves and jet streams, a mechanism termed «teleconnection patterns» (e.g., [12, 15 — 19]-RRB-.
This 2006 study found that the effect of amplifying feedbacks in the climate system — where global warming boosts atmospheric CO2 levels — «will promote warming by an extra 15 percent to 78 percent on a century - scale» compared to typical estimates by the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Thirty years later, the relevance of this study has been realized in the development of stochastic approaches to represent cumulus convection and its upscale energy transports, and in the emerging efforts to resolve these multi-scale processes in atmospheric simulations at the cloud system - resolving scale (approx. 1 km).
The Vostok record of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic climate is consistent with a view of the climate system in which CO2 concentration changes amplify orbitally - induced climate changes on glacial / inter-glacial time - scales (Shackleton, 2000).
Climate threshold - The point at which external forcing of the climate system, such as the increasing atmospheric concentration of heat - trapping gases (greenhouse gas es), triggers a significant climatic or environmental event which is considered unalterable, or recoverable only on very long time - scales, such as widespread bleaching of corals or a collapse of oceanic circulation systems.
For the atmospheric equations of motion that system is not the hydrostatic equations of motion that all climate models are based on, e.g., vertical columnar heating does not lead to a solution that is smooth (large scale) in space.
Even if we were to stop emitting carbon - dioxide tomorrow, atmospheric concentrations would remain elevated for centuries — so, on any reasonable time scale, the changes that we're making to the Earth's climate system are irreversible.
More heat in the Earth's system due to global warming is felt everywhere, and that includes the massive - scale patterns of atmospheric circulation that give us our weather.
The basic results of this climate model analysis are that: (1) it is increase in atmospheric CO2 (and the other minor non-condensing greenhouse gases) that control the greenhouse warming of the climate system; (2) water vapor and clouds are feedback effects that magnify the strength of the greenhouse effect due to the non-condensing greenhouse gases by about a factor of three; (3) the large heat capacity of the ocean and the rate of heat transport into the ocean sets the time scale for the climate system to approach energy balance equilibrium.
Modes or patterns of climate variability - Natural variability of the climate system, in particular on seasonal and longer time scales, predominantly occurs with preferred spatial patterns and time scales, through the dynamical characteristics of the atmospheric circulation and through interactions with the land and ocean surfaces.
Using atmospheric general - circulation models, as well as coupled ocean - atmosphere models, he investigates the interactions between large - scale climate systems such as ocean and wind currents to understand natural variability and how climate responds to human - made forcings.