Sentences with phrase «scale average temperatures»

An expert called the works of Mitchell, Callendar (1961) and Budyko «the first reasonably reliable estimates of large scale average temperatures,» Wigley et al. (1986), p. 278.

These range from simple averaging of regional data and scaling of the resulting series so that its mean and standard deviation match those of the observed record over some period of overlap (Jones et al., 1998; Crowley and Lowery, 2000), to complex climate field reconstruction, where large - scale modes of spatial climate variability are linked to patterns of variability in the proxy network via a multivariate transfer function that explicitly provides estimates of the spatio - temporal changes in past temperatures, and from which large - scale average temperature changes are derived by averaging the climate estimates across the required region (Mann et al., 1998; Rutherford et al., 2003, 2005).

Not exact matches

By evaluating the scale insect remains attached to each specimen, Youngsteadt estimated scale population density and compared it to the average August temperature for the year and place where the specimen was collected.

A number of recent studies indicate that effects of urbanisation and land use change on the land - based temperature record are negligible (0.006 ºC per decade) as far as hemispheric - and continental - scale averages are concerned because the very real but local effects are avoided or accounted for in the data sets used.

The available timeseries of global - scale temperature anomalies are calculated with respect to the 20th century average, while the mapping tool displays global - scale temperature anomalies with respect to the 1981 - 2010 base period.

On the regional scale, the CEI was above average in the West and Northwest due to extremes in warm maximum and minimum temperatures and the spatial extent of drought.

At a global scale, the international scientific community has indicated that average annual temperature will at least be 2.5 °F (1.4 °C) and likely 3.6 °F (2.0 °C) higher in the next century than it was between 1850 - 1950, with ensuing consequences for both human health and livelihoods (IPCC 2013).

Our effective temperature scale is between 0 - 200 K cooler than that expected from the Infrared Flux Method, depending on the adopted extinction map, which provides evidence for a lower value on average than that inferred for the Kepler Input Catalog (KIC).

... Polar amplification explains in part why Greenland Ice Sheet and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet appear to be highly sensitive to relatively small increases in CO2 concentration and global mean temperature... Polar amplification occurs if the magnitude of zonally averaged surface temperature change at high latitudes exceeds the globally averaged temperature change, in response to climate forcings and on time scales greater than the annual cycle.

The global average surface temperature has risen between 0.6 °C and 0.7 °C since the start of the twentieth century, and the rate of increase since 1976 has been approximately three times faster than the century - scale trend.»

(G) Northern Hemisphere average proxy temperature anomalies (10 - year means) reconstructed by Mann et al. (26) on the basis of two approaches (CPS, composite plus scale; EIV, error in variables) and by Moberg et al..

Pay particular attention to the temperature scale on the left hand side — 1 cm is equivalent to 0.2 degrees centigrade — and think about what we are trying to measure — the global average temperature, all of it, oceans, atmosphere and continents.

Global warming does not mean no winter, it means winter start later, summer hotter, as Gary Peters said «The global average surface temperature has risen between 0.6 °C and 0.7 °C since the start of the twentieth century, and the rate of increase since 1976 has been approximately three times faster than the century - scale trend.»

The actual prevailing view of the paleoclimate research community that emerged during the early 1990s, when long - term proxy data became more widely available and it was possible to synthesize them into estimates of large - scale temperature changes in past centuries, was that the average temperature over the Northern Hemisphere varied by significantly less than 1 degree C in previous centuries (i.e., the variations in past centuries were small compared to the observed 20th century warming).

«Estimating sampling errors in large - scale temperature averages.»

Action on climate change needs to be scaled up and accelerated without delay if the world is to have a running chance of keeping a global average temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius this century.

The average temperature, and all other details of the climate system, will vary substantially depending on the time scale used.

In fact, all climate models do predict that the change in globally - averaged steady state temperature, at least, is almost exactly proportional to the change in net radiative forcing, indicating a near - linear response of the climate, at least on the broadest scales.

Previous studies have focused on hemispheric or global - scale temperature reconstructions, which are useful for understanding overall average conditions, but can overlook important differences at regional scales.

Correcting this failure is, to my mind, about quantifying the climate impacts» damages in a scale which plainly does not relate geometrically to average global surface air temperature.

Global warming is the observed century - scale rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system.

For temperature scales where there are negative values in the data set, root mean square will not produce a meaningful result because negative and positive values of the same magnitude contribute the same positive amount to the average.

However, since the linear average is meaningful, the one can make the average using any linear temperature scale with an arbitrary zero (you could use Celcius, Fahrinheit, Rankine, or what you will) since you can always write T (Rabett) = T (K) + To (Rabett) for every temperature.

Since humans began burning fossil fuels on a large scale, the global average temperature has risen 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius), with most of the increase occurring since 1970.

While the anomalous nature of recent trends in global average temperature is often highlighted in discussions of climate change, changes at regional scales have potentially greater societal significance.

If (1) you have a few hockey stick shaped series in a smallish data set which otherwise is cancelling noise, and (2) then re-scale your average to a temperature scale in the calibration period, you can get hockey stick shaped «reconstructions».

The researchers used a climate - vegetation model that showed (like several similar studies) a clear increase in Amazonian drought following a global average temperature rise — leading to a large - scale die - back of rainforest, switching to grassland and savanna climate suitability.

In this Hadley Centre model study Forest cover decreases most rapidly from +1 to +3 degrees Celsius of global average warming, suggesting the Amazon tipping point slides along the temperature scale following an S - shaped curve.

It would be interesting to overlay the first chart with average global air temperatures (putting the scale on the right hand side).

Yet the caption reads «Global average temperature and time scales are identical» (my italics).

If ∆ T = λ ∆ Q is a reasonable approximation of the (large - scale) effects of forcing on globally averaged temperature, why does it matter if a few clouds are banging around locally on a given day?

On a longer time scale, global average surface temperatures have risen at a rate of about 0.70 °C per century.

Global Temperature is an example of a bulk property, and it does indeed average out over sufficient time scales; hence showing that whatever chaos, spatio - temporal or otherwise, is present in the system on short timescales it does not affect our longer term predictions.

It is a big enough perturbation on timescales of multiple decades or longer to dominate the temperature pattern on a global scale, despite the existence of chaotic elements responsible for fluctuations in the temperature trend globally that average out, and despite significant unpredictability regionally.

southern oscillation a large - scale atmospheric and hydrospheric fluctuation centered in the equatorial Pacific Ocean; exhibits a nearly annual pressure anomaly, alternatively high over the Indian Ocean and high over the South Pacific; its period is slightly variable, averaging 2.33 years; the variation in pressure is accompanied by variations in wind strengths, ocean currents, sea - surface temperatures, and precipitation in the surrounding areas

They clearly have not «proved» skill at predicting in a hindcast mode, changes in climate statistics on the regional scale, and even in terms of the global average surface temperature trend, in recent years they have overstated the positive trend.

Global Warming is the century - scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's surface, oceans, and atmosphere due to an increase in the greenhouse effect.

A traditional parametrisation scheme seeks to represent the average effect of the sub grid - scale motion (e.g. convective clouds) on the resolved scale state (e.g. the large scale temperature and wind fields).

This product is a global - scale climate diagnostic tool and provides a big picture overview of average global temperatures compared to a reference value.

One chart that id love to see is 1880 to 2013 average temperature winter and summer at full scale (ie -65 to +45 °C) It would be a couple of nearly straight lines.

b) Standardized 30 - year - mean temperatures averaged across all seven continental - scale regions.

Current computer models can faithfully simulate many of the important aspects of the global climate system, such as changes in global average temperature over many decades; the march of the seasons on large spatial scales; and how the climate responds to large - scale forcing, like a large volcanic eruption.

The corresponding working quasilinear wave equation for the barotropic azonal stream function Ψm ′ of the forced waves with m = 6, 7, and 8 (m waves) with nonzero right - hand side (forcing + eddy friction) yields (34) u˜ ∂ ∂ x (∂ 2Ψm ′ ∂ x2 + ∂ 2Ψm ′ ∂ y2) + β˜ ∂ Ψm ′ ∂ x = 2Ω sin ϕ cos2 ϕT˜u˜ ∂ Tm ′ ∂ x − 2Ω sin ϕcos2 ϕHκu˜ ∂ hor, m ∂ x − (kha2 + kzH2)(∂ 2Ψm ′ ∂ x2 + ∂ 2Ψm ′ ∂ y2), [S3] where x = aλ and y = a ln -LSB-(1 + sin ϕ) / cos ϕ] are the coordinates of the Mercator projection of Earth's sphere, with λ as the longitude, H is the characteristic value of the atmospheric density vertical scale, T˜ is a constant reference temperature at the EBL, Tm ′ is the m component of azonal temperature at this level, u˜ = u ¯ / cos ϕ, κ is the ratio of the zonally averaged module of the geostrophic wind at the top of the PBL to that at the EBL (53), hor, m is the m component of the large - scale orography height, and kh and kz are the horizontal and vertical eddy diffusion coefficients.

Through horizontal averaging, variations of water vapor and temperature that are related to the horizontal transport by the large - scale circulation will be largely removed, and thus the water vapor and temperature relationship obtained is more indicative of the property of moist convection, and is thus more relevant to the issue of water vapor feedback in global warming.

The warm expanse has been characterized by sea surface temperatures as much as three degrees C (about 5.4 degrees F) higher than average, lasting for months, and appears on large - scale temperature maps as a red - orange mass of warm water many hundreds of miles across.

I'm very convinced that the physical process of global warming is continuing, which appears as a statistically significant increase of the global surface and tropospheric temperature anomaly over a time scale of about 20 years and longer and also as trends in other climate variables (e.g., global ocean heat content increase, Arctic and Antarctic ice decrease, mountain glacier decrease on average and others), and I don't see any scientific evidence according to which this trend has been broken, recently.

Basically, I calculated the temperature trend for each gridbox between 60N and 60S, averaged the longitudinal values, and plotted a scaled image by latitude and depth.

Anomalies simply take the average of the observed temperatures (daily, monthly, annual, max, min, or what have you), and convert them to a scale with a different zero point — a zero defined as the mean observed temperature over some accepted calibration period.

The newest entry in the theological literature is Parker (2004, 2006), who, once again, does not show the absence of an urban heat island by direct measurements, but purports to show the absence of an effect on large - scale averages by showing that the temperature trends on calm days is comparable to that on windy days.

PAGES 2k Consortium [2013] reconstructed mean surface temperatures averaged over continental - scale regions.