Sentences with phrase «scale convection»

The winds flow from east to west and then swap to moving from west to east, completing a cycle roughly every 28 months as atmospheric waves ripple up from large - scale convection in the tropics.

Large scale convection drives turbulence with a wide frequency spectrum at extra-tropical latitudes, and this can either feed energy randomly into resonant systems, or the chaotic turbulence can flip from one domain of behaviour to another at random.

However, the availability of non-radiative means for vertical transport of energy, including small - scale convection and large - scale atmospheric motions, must be accounted for, as is done in our atmospheric general circulation model.

Studies with climate models have noted that the ITCZ width depends on interactions between radiation and clouds (Voigt & Shaw 2015) and how the model represents sub-grid scale convection (Kang et al. 2009), but a physical understanding of why the ITCZ width is affected by these processes is lacking.

These sensitivities are the final building blocks we lack for solid theories of a wide variety of important large - scale convection - dependent phenomena, and for physically realistic parameterization.

Planets like Jupiter do not exhibit this behavior; their atmospheric chemicals form layers where large - scale convection isn't possible.

For example, much of our understanding of the large - and small - scale convection patterns driving plate tectonics has come about by using Birch - type proxies for temperature and composition.

These ranged from global mantle - scale convection patterns, to the large thermochemical piles in the lower mantle, and down to the very small - scale pockets of ultra-low velocity zone at the bottom.

Near the equator, large - scale convection causes air to rise.

Another possible scenario is that small - scale convection is taking place within the channel as chunks of mantle cool and sink.

High - resolution gravity measurements show changes over relatively small distances that could reflect small - scale convection.

Not exact matches

And other important factors, such as the convection that forms thunderstorms, can only be approximated because they occur on too small a scale.

One of the most harmful phenomena these investigations have discovered is the drift instability, which leads to small - scale turbulence of the plasma that efficiently transports heat and particles by convection to the outer regions, where they are lost and unable to contribute to nuclear fusion.

That excess tropical energy fueled rising air in a process known as convection, creating rain, releasing heat, and forming large - scale atmospheric patterns called Rossby waves.

«The deflection of the plumes into these finger - like channels represents an intermediate scale of convection in the mantle, between the large - scale circulation that drives plate motions and the smaller scale plumes, which we are now starting to image.»

Theorized for decades, large - scale, convection - driven circulation is finally observed directly

The moon is not big enough to have the same strong convective cooling process that Earth has in its interior, he explains, and ordinarily convection is one of the main mechanisms thought to lead to large - scale rifting.

The journey of light through space is illuminated in the water and gold dust, moving slowly with convection currents from heated elements beneath the tank, alluding to the similar structure of macro and microworlds: stars in the cosmos and micro-particles in the subatomic scale.

Tompkins, A.M., and G.C. Craig, 1999: Sensitivity of tropical convection to sea surface temperature in the absence of large - scale flow.

Variability with MJO characteristics (e.g., convection and wind anomalies of the correct spatial scale that propagate coherently eastward with realistic phase speeds) is simulated in many contemporary models (e.g., Sperber et al., 2005; Zhang, 2005), but this variability is typically not simulated to occur often enough or with sufficient strength so that the MJO stands out realistically above the broadband background variability (Lin et al., 2006).

The astronomers found turbulent, low - density gas much further from the star than predicted, and concluded that the movement could not result from convection, that is, from large - scale movement of matter which transfers energy from the core to the outer atmosphere of many stars.

In the real world, small - scale phenomena such as convection, clouds, gravity waves, and various sorts of eddies may influence mesoscale systems such as TCs, and these unresolved small - scale phenomena are represented through often somewhat simplistic statistical «parameterizations».

Of course, the absolute temperature does matter in many situations (the freezing point of ice, emitted radiation, convection, health and ecosystem impacts, etc.) and so it's worth calculating as well — even at the global scale.

A tropical cyclone is the generic term for a non-frontal synoptic scale low - pressure system over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection (i.e. thunderstorm activity) and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation (Holland 1993).

I would expect convection and turbulence to come into play, especially hurricanes as they send heat into the atmosphere and cool the ocean below on a large scale, and are themselves so unpredictable.

Radiation and convection, which drive the temperature structure in the tropics, act in a very short time scale so that vertical temperatures in the tropics should relax to moist - adiabatic in that same short time scale (This would be a problem if we were trying to look at hourly or daily trends).

Temperature gradients are generally (see next paragraph) required to drive these flows of heat (continually through layers with convection / conduction / diffusion driven by differential heating, on the scale of distances from emission to absorption for radiant flows), so the temperature tends to decline from where solar heating occurs to where heat escapes to space.

Whether the activity of cumulus convection is determined by the variables averaged over the grid box of numerical models (100 km scale for typical GCMs, 20 km scale in the case of «high resolution» GCM of MRI).

θ = potential temperature, which is conserved for dry adiabatic processes and is a useful vertical coordinate for examining various fluid mechanical processes (like Rossby waves) when the atmospheric lapse rate is stable (for dry convection)(which is generally true on a large scale away from the boundary layer).

The largest - scale feature is the Hadley circulation whose upward branch is none other than the collective activity of cumulus convection.

Going back to Ed Davies and Rasmus» replies at # 2: We know that there are feedbacks and system responses (e.g. ocean convection and advection of energy) that operate on various time scales.

It's interesting enough that I'm thinking of putting together a simple paper contrasting the way all this works in radiative convection models (no large scale dynamics) vs. models with a simple Walker circulation.

Whether the activity of TCs (TC - scale dynamics and cumulus convection together) is determined by the global climatic condition (SST, atmospheric composition and general circulation).

Large scale dust storms change the atmospheric opacity and convection; as always when comparing mean temperatures, the altitude at which the measurement is made matters, but to the extent it is sensible to speak of a mean temperature for Mars, the evidence is for significant cooling from the 1970's, when Viking made measurements, compared to current temperatures.

In general, so long as there is some solar heating beneath some level, there must be a net LW + convective heat flux upward at that level to balance it in equilibrium; convection tends to require some nonzero temperature decline with height, and a net upward LW flux requires either that the temperature declines with height on the scale of photon paths (from emission to absorption), or else requires at least a partial «veiw» of space, which can be blocked by increasing optical thickness above that level.

Conventional wisdom in the current mesoscale and weather literature argues that convective cold pools, small - scale gravity waves and gust fronts are key to the long - range propagation of organized convection in the Central U.S..

The essential feature of the tropical atmosphere is cumulus convection, whose individual horizontal scale and time scale are of the order of 1 km and of hours.

The Gulf Stream circulation is about equal parts wind driven, which is roughly constant in strength, and deep - convection driven, which varies significnatly on decadal time scales.

If we look at the air temperature on a micro scale it was more likely that there would be a temperature inversion layer within feet of the surface which would have reduced the cool to warm convection in the absence of wind.

Tan, Z., C. M. Kaul, K. G. Pressel, Y. Cohen, T. Schneider, and J. Teixeira, 2018: An extended eddy - diffusivity mass - flux scheme for unified representation of subgrid - scale turbulence and convection.

Global rainfall increases typically cause an overall reduction of specific humidity (q) and relative humidity (RH) in the upper tropospheric levels of the broader scale surrounding convection subsidence regions.

These motions are the residual turbulence from convection and other forces, and occur at a wide range of scales, and I wouldn't regard them as fast or organised enough to be called «wind».

Bushell, A.C., N. Butchart, S. H. Derbyshire, D.R. Jackson, G.J. Schutts, S.B. Vosper, and S. Webster, 2015: Parameterized Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes from Sources Related to Convection and Large - Scale Precipitation Processes in a Global Atmosphere Model.

Air moves along slightly deformed but essentially horizontal surfaces except in unstable moist convection and small - scale turbulence.

Daleu, C. L., R. Plant, S. Woolnough, S. Sessions, M. Herman, A. Sobel, S. Wang, D. Kim, A. Cheng, G. Bellon, P. Peyrillé, F Ferry, P. Siebesma, L. van Ulft (2016), Intercomparison of methods of coupling between convection and large - scale circulation: 2.

increased CO -LCB- sub 2 -RCB- by using ocean models that include realistic processes such as horizontal heat transport, vertical mixing due to convection and small - scale processes, and upwelling along coastal regions and the equator.

Overview of the tropical atmosphere, monsoons, intraseasonal variability, hurricanes, theory of tropical convection and the large - scale circulation

This is one of the more challenging aspects of modeling of the climate system because precipitation involves not only large - scale processes that are well - resolved by models but also small - scale process, such as convection, that must be parameterized in the current generation of global and regional climate models.

The meeting will mainly cover the following themes, but can include other topics related to understanding and modelling the atmosphere: ● Surface drag and momentum transport: orographic drag, convective momentum transport ● Processes relevant for polar prediction: stable boundary layers, mixed - phase clouds ● Shallow and deep convection: stochasticity, scale - awareness, organization, grey zone issues ● Clouds and circulation feedbacks: boundary - layer clouds, CFMIP, cirrus ● Microphysics and aerosol - cloud interactions: microphysical observations, parameterization, process studies on aerosol - cloud interactions ● Radiation: circulation coupling; interaction between radiation and clouds ● Land - atmosphere interactions: Role of land processes (snow, soil moisture, soil temperature, and vegetation) in sub-seasonal to seasonal (S2S) prediction ● Physics - dynamics coupling: numerical methods, scale - separation and grey - zone, thermodynamic consistency ● Next generation model development: the challenge of exascale, dynamical core developments, regional refinement, super-parametrization ● High Impact and Extreme Weather: role of convective scale models; ensembles; relevant challenges for model development

This can have a global impact on climate, because the convection in the ascending branch of the Walker circulation triggers planetary scale waves that radiate to higher latitudes.