Tide gauges located along the world's coastlines that have been
recording water levels for many decades or even centuries provide the most accurate source of information on ESL, but they are unevenly distributed (with most of them located in North America and Europe)(Menéndez and Woodworth 2010) hampering broad -
scale (up to global) assessments.
Different approaches have been used to compute the mean rate of 20th century global mean sea level (GMSL) rise from the available
tide gauge data: computing average rates from only very long, nearly continuous
records; using more numerous but shorter
records and filters to separate nonlinear trends from decadal -
scale quasi-periodic variability; neural network methods; computing regional sea level for specific basins then averaging; or projecting
tide gauge records onto empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) computed from modern altimetry or EOFs from ocean models.