Updated Ten days ago, the grinding slow - motion rivers of floating
sea ice flowing around Canada's Arctic archipelago claimed the lives of Marc Cornelissen and Philip de Roo, seasoned Dutch polar trekkers combining an adventurous spirit with environmental activism and citizen science.
As for Antarctica — there are many differences, not least the heat content of the Southern Oceans, the isolation of the continent, mostly divergent
sea ice flow, etc..
For example, winds could influence where
sea ice flows, potentially compacting what is left, or further breaking up already tenuous chunks.
Previous research found ice arches failed to form in the Nares Strait in 2007 and a record amount of
sea ice flowed south that year.
Not exact matches
UAF has worked extensively with both institutional and commercial partners in Alaska and in recent years, using drones to monitor
sea lion populations in the Aleutian Islands, conduct
ice flow and environmental surveying missions for NASA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, inspect pipelines for oil and gas giant BP and assist a Russian tanker during a dangerous late - season fuel delivery to the remote Alaskan outpost of Nome.
The discovery is incredibly important, though, because it shows scientists exactly why the most vulnerable parts of Greenland's
ice are melting so quickly — each summer since 1997, melting
ice that would usually be captured and refrozen the next winter is now
flowing straight out to
sea.
Up north when somone is old and sick we put them on an
ice flow and give it a shove out to
sea.
The deep grooves under the massive
ice sheet could facilitate
flow into the ocean, which suggests
sea level rise estimates for this century need to be revised upwards
For example, Kangerdlugssuaq glacier has lost mass from melting and, in its thinner form, has less weight to speed the
flow of its
ice toward the
sea.
Studying surging glaciers could also offer insights into grander - scale
ice flows with global consequences: the movements of the
ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, which can change abruptly, altering the
ice discharges that affect
sea level.
The floating platforms of
ice that ring the coast are thinning, glaciers are surging toward the
sea, meltwater is
flowing across the surface, fast - growing moss is turning the once shimmering landscape green and a massive iceberg the size of Delaware broke off into the ocean in July of 2017.
As the
ice flows faster and approaches the
sea, the surface gets stretched out and cracks open.
What matters for
sea - level rise is the addition of
ice from land into the ocean, however it's the
ice shelves that hold off the
flow of grounded
ice toward the ocean.
When floating
ice shelves disintegrate, they reduce the resistance to glacial
flow and thus allow the grounded glaciers they were buttressing to significantly dump more
ice into the ocean, raising
sea levels.
After further analysis of the data, the scientists found that although a strong El Niño changes wind patterns in West Antarctica in a way that promotes
flow of warm ocean waters towards the
ice shelves to increase melting from below, it also increases snowfall particularly along the Amundsen
Sea sector.
Since
ice shelves act like plugs, removing them lets inland glaciers
flow faster into the ocean, and that will raise
sea levels.
Changes in
flow patterns of warm Pacific Ocean air from the south were driving earlier spring snowmelt, while decreasing summer
sea ice had the greatest influence on later onset of snowpack in the fall.
A hundred kilometers wide, this
ice sheet, unlike most of its peers, is actually growing instead of melting, because it has slowed its
flow toward the
sea in recent decades.
the south - bound expedition had cleared that vast plain of floating
ice which
flows down from the great mountains of the interior and covers the southern part of Ross
Sea throughout an area above 20,000 square miles with an
ice sheet approximately 800 feet in thickness, and had begun to climb the heights which form the mountainous embayment at the head of Ross
Sea.
Now, warming seawater intruding underneath has loosened the glaciers» grip on bedrock, speeding their
flow toward the
sea and causing increasing amounts of
ice to break off into the ocean.
Glaciers around the world are melting and contributing to
sea level rise, but scientists still don't quite understand how exactly glaciers give birth to icebergs as they
flow into the ocean and lose
ice.
All told, if the eastern and western Antarctic
ice shelves were to melt completely, they would raise
sea levels by as much as 230 feet (70 meters); the collapse of smaller shelves like Larsen B has sped up the
flow of glaciers behind them into the
sea, contributing to the creeping up of high tide levels around the world.
But because the surrounding ocean would have been warmer, and stabilizing
sea ice less abundant, the massive East Antarctic
ice sheet may have contributed to higher
sea levels by
flowing more quickly towards the ocean.
Subglacial lakes are likely to influence the
flow of the
ice sheet, impacting global
sea level change.
All over the world, from the Arctic to the Antarctic and from Alaska to the Andes,
ice is melting and
flowing into the
sea.
Around 11,000 years ago, as the last
ice sheets retreated from Norway and the Norwegian
Sea, Atlantic water
flowed in and warmed the bottom by about 9 degrees Fahrenheit.
In fact, learning about the lakes and rivers could shed light (albeit from a very dark place) on weighty matters ranging from
ice - sheet stability — how much do the lakes enhance the
flow of
ice toward the
sea?
CLIMATE CALAMITIES As
ice shelves on the Southern Antarctic Peninsula weaken, glaciers
flow faster into the
sea.
In recent years, melting
sea ice has allowed more of the Pacific water to
flow through the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean.
A glaciologist rather than a biologist, he wanted to investigate a question critical to climate change: Do subglacial rivers and lakes lubricate the movement of
ice over land — and might they somehow accelerate a glacier's
flow into the ocean, triggering rapid
sea level rise?
As global warming affects the earth and ocean, the retreat of the
sea ice means there won't be as much cold, dense water, generated through a process known as oceanic convection, created to
flow south and feed the Gulf Stream.
Hawkings and his collaborators spent three months in 2012 and 2013 gathering water samples and measuring the
flow of water from the 600 - square - kilometer (230 - square - mile) Leverett Glacier and the smaller, 36 - square - kilometer (14 - square - mile) Kiattuut Sermiat Glacier in Greenland as part of a Natural Environment Research Council - funded project to understand how much phosphorus, in various forms, was escaping from the
ice sheet over time and draining into the
sea.
It was thought that the water quickly
flowed between
ice and rock and out to
sea, with little impact on the bottom
ice layers.
The warm Atlantic water continued to
flow into the icy Nordic
seas during the coldest periods of the last
Ice Age.
But an
ice shelf is thought to act as a «cork in the bottle,» damming the
flow of the land - based glacier that slowly feeds the shelf in the
sea.
«It is widely thought that during cold periods of the last
Ice Age the warm Atlantic water had stopped its
flow into the Nordic
Seas.
In a finding offering another
sea - level rise warning, scientists yesterday reported the existence of deep, canyon - like valleys in the bedrock underneath the Greenland
ice sheet that could facilitate the extensive
flow of
ice into the ocean.
The team investigated the trajectories of
sea ice drifting in the ocean and saw a pattern of
ice — and hence water —
flowing northward from the vast northern coast of Russia toward the middle of the Arctic Ocean, where the radium concentrations had increased.
As a result, the
ice shelf is likely to both thin and
flow faster, the researchers note — and eventually, that could allow the glacier to slide into the
sea.
Not only are
ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica breaking up faster than scientists expected, but more of their melt water is
flowing into oceans, he said, which will raise
sea levels by 3.3 feet (1 meter) by 2100.
This has to do with the physical processes that affect the way
ice in a glacier moves and
flows out to
sea.
Lead author Dr Malcolm McMillan from the University of Leeds said: «We find that
ice losses continue to be most pronounced along the fast -
flowing ice streams of the Amundsen
Sea sector, with thinning rates of between 4 and 8 metres per year near to the grounding lines of the Pine Island, Thwaites and Smith Glaciers.»
Second, melting land
ice flows into the ocean, also increasing
sea level across the globe.
Since so much of the
ice sheet is grounded underwater, rising
sea levels may have the effect of lifting the sheets, allowing more - and increasingly warmer - water underneath it, leading to further bottom melting, more
ice shelf disintegration, accelerated glacial
flow, and further
sea level rise, and so on and on, another vicious cycle.
Based on a model that excludes
ice sheet
flow due to a lack of basis in published literature, it is estimated that
sea level rise will be, in a low scenario, 18 to 38 cm (7 to 15 inches) and in a high scenario, 26 to 59 cm (10 to 23 inches).
Co-author Dr Ivan Haigh, lecturer in coastal oceanography at the University of Southampton and also based at NOCS, adds: «Historical observations show a rising
sea level from about 1800 as
sea water warmed up and melt water from glaciers and
ice fields
flowed into the oceans.
But also: the geography below the glacier will determine what, if anything, will retard the
flow of all that
ice into the
sea.
Some scientists assessing the recent acceleration of
ice flows propose that the rates of increase can't be sustained long enough to get a truly disastrous rise in
seas by 2100 from a warming Greenland.
Reinhard was awarded for his work in investigating how the potential disintegration of Antarctic floating
ice shelves could contribute to increased
ice flow from inland glaciers, and a resulting rise in global
sea levels.
But if the shelf collapses, then glacial
ice could
flow into the
sea unabated and contribute to rising
sea levels.