Sentences with phrase «sea ice formed»

The cooler Arctic then promoted formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW in the upper frame of Figure 13) as salty Atlantic waters transported poleward cooled and brine rejection increased as more Arctic sea ice formed.

Without summer sea ice forming to establish the CHL, he says, the ocean mixes more — and less ice forms.

Satellite data show that, between 1979 and 2013, the summer ice - free season expanded by an average of 5 to 10 weeks in 12 Arctic regions, with sea ice forming later in the fall and melting earlier in the spring.

When sea ice forms, it expels salt into the surrounding water, increasing the density of the water and causing it to sink, carrying oxygenated surface water into the depths.

For example, in the southern Weddell Sea so much sea ice forms during the autumn and winter months that the amount of salt released in the process turns the water around and below the 450,000 km2 Filchner - Ronne Ice Shelf into a massive protective sheath.

«Sea ice forms on the surface of the Russian shelf seas, and is then driven north by the strong winds,» explains AWI sea - ice physicist Dr Thomas Krumpen, who also took part in the study.

Assuming that the open water in summer gets reasonably mixed through a 50 - 200 meter layer, the meter + layer of sea ice forms from water with a salt content of ~ 33psu.

These result in westerly winds (clockwise around the pole as viewed from below) just above the edge of Antarctica in the region where the seasonal sea ice forms, ie, the west wind drift:

I'll give you the summer, which is when no sea ice forms.

This causes increased erosion due to permafrost melt, increased flooding due to the warmer temperatures, and intensified storms because the sea ice forms later in the season and is unable to provide a natural barrier for our coastal communities.

They still think that the Antarctic surface is warming, not cooling like you now believe because of this Hansen paper: «In contrast, the Southern Ocean (specifically the region where Antarctic sea ice forms) has been warming at 0.17 °C per decade.»

It may seem surprising that no widespread sea ice forms on the night side of the planet within 50 years; after all, new sea ice forms every winter in Earth's high latitudes.

Ideally, sea ice forms when the waves are not so high, when surface temperature is colder than -11 C, when surface sea water is -1.8 C, especially in clear skies.

When sea ice forms, brine from salty sea water is expelled.

Endless stories about glaciers melting, polar bears, ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica and sea ice form the view that there is virtually no ice left on the surface of the planet.

The biggest difference is that the Arctic sea ice forms in a huge ocean surrounded by the northern hemisphere land masses, while the Antarctic sea ice forms as a fringe around a vast frozen continent.

The satellite readings show that as sea ice forms early in the season, wind blowing off the cold Antarctic ice cap pushes it offshore and northward.

Locals see the sea ice forming later each year, the coast eroding and the permafrost melting.

As the sea ice forms it starts expressing the salt out of its crystalline structure.

This study specifically considers the role of Antarctic sea ice in shaping deep ocean circulation and stratification, by driving surface buoyancy loss associated with brine rejection (when sea ice forms, salt is pushed into the surrounding seawater, making it denser).

When waves buffet the freezing ocean surface, characteristic «pancake» sea ice forms.

John, Sea ice forming or melting will have no effect on sea level either way, as it is already in the water, the ice is already a part of the ocean's volume and including the parts above the water line it is displacing equivalent volumes to what its melt water will occupy.

After the minimum, a new freeze cycle begins: early October sea ice forming near Kotzebue, Alaska.

Not exact matches

That new freshwater could encourage more sea ice to form on the basin, unless winds wash the new water away.

Sea ice skylights formed by warming Arctic temperatures increasingly allow enough sunlight into the waters below to spur phytoplankton blooms, new research suggests.

For example, Kangerdlugssuaq glacier has lost mass from melting and, in its thinner form, has less weight to speed the flow of its ice toward the sea.

A single cubic yard of sea ice contains a million or more liquid compartments, microscopic test tubes that could have created unique mixtures of RNA that eventually formed the first life.

For hundreds of years, the Kaskawulsh Glacier formed a wall that segregates snow and ice meltwater into two streams: the Slims River, which joins with other streams and crosses Alaska before draining into the Bering Sea, and the Kaskawulsh

First crystals of calcium carbonate are formed in sea ice in winter.

He argues that such surfaces can easily form a new layer of ice or even frost flowers — rare (and gorgeous) ice crystals that grow upward from the sea.

the south - bound expedition had cleared that vast plain of floating ice which flows down from the great mountains of the interior and covers the southern part of Ross Sea throughout an area above 20,000 square miles with an ice sheet approximately 800 feet in thickness, and had begun to climb the heights which form the mountainous embayment at the head of Ross Sea.

King penguins are in fact picky animals: in order to form a colony where they can mate, lay eggs and rear chicks over a year, they need tolerable temperature all year round, no winter sea ice around the island, and smooth beach of sand or pebbles.

Each winter, the WAP sea surface freezes over, forming a skin of «fast ice» that holds back the bergs.

«The puddles that form atop the sea ice are the melted snow.

In addition, now that sea ice blankets the Southern Ocean off the western Antarctic Peninsula far less than before, more water is evaporating and forming precipitation, largely in the form of snow.

If a future orbiter could collect some material from a plume, that would allow us to sample the seas without the difficult task of landing and drilling into the ice, says Phillips: «If there are life forms, they would be in the liquid layer.

Concentrations of two other chemicals in the ice cores, vanillic acid (a chemical formed when conifer forests burn) and non — sea salt sulfur (a primary component in acid rain), helped distinguish between soot from natural sources and that from industrial pollution.

«Right now, pregnant females foraging offshore in summer must wait up to a month longer than they did just 10 years ago for new sea ice to form so they can travel to denning areas on land,» says Steve Amstrup of the USGS.

IT WILL be little consolation to hungry polar bears in northern Manitoba, Canada, who have had to wait weeks longer than usual for sea ice to form on Hudson Bay, but their habitat is not irreversibly doomed.

GLITTERING across the briny surface of newly formed sea ice, frost flowers are as bewitching to polar scientists as Homer's sirens — luring them and their instrument - laden sleds to the treacherous boundary between ice and sea.

The shelf was plugging the channel, but once it is gone, the glacier moves more rapidly toward the sea, forming more ice shelf, but removing large amounts of ice from the glacier.

Hawkings and his collaborators spent three months in 2012 and 2013 gathering water samples and measuring the flow of water from the 600 - square - kilometer (230 - square - mile) Leverett Glacier and the smaller, 36 - square - kilometer (14 - square - mile) Kiattuut Sermiat Glacier in Greenland as part of a Natural Environment Research Council - funded project to understand how much phosphorus, in various forms, was escaping from the ice sheet over time and draining into the sea.

This has resulted in temperatures an astonishing 20 °C warmer than usual, so sea ice is melting when it should be forming.

First of all, less sea ice is forming in the region, and secondly, oceanographic recordings from the continental shelf break confirm that the warm water masses are already moving closer and closer to the ice shelf in pulses,» says Dr Hartmut Hellmer, an oceanographer at the AWI and first author of the study.

It has also decreased the amount of the oldest, thickest Arctic sea ice, leaving polar waters dominated by thinner ice that forms in the fall and melts in the summer.

This current forms off the coast of Antarctica as cold winds off the ice sheet cool the sea surface.

If this greenhouse gas finds its way into the water, it can also become trapped in the sea ice that forms in these coastal waters.

By measuring the oxygen isotopes in the sea ice, the scientists were able to deduce where and when the ice was formed.

According to Thomas Krumpen, «It takes about two and a half years for the ice formed along the coast of the Laptev Sea to be carried across the Arctic Ocean and past the North Pole into the Fram Strait between the east cost of Greenland and Svalbard.»

Published today in the journal Nature Microbiology, the results are the first to show that sea - ice bacteria can change mercury into methylmercury, a more toxic form that can contaminate the marine environment, including fish and birds.