Locals see
the sea ice forming later each year, the coast eroding and the permafrost melting.
Satellite data show that, between 1979 and 2013, the summer ice - free season expanded by an average of 5 to 10 weeks in 12 Arctic regions, with
sea ice forming later in the fall and melting earlier in the spring.
This causes increased erosion due to permafrost melt, increased flooding due to the warmer temperatures, and intensified storms because
the sea ice forms later in the season and is unable to provide a natural barrier for our coastal communities.
Not exact matches
The park covers 140 km ², of which 16 km ² is granite islands,
formed by upwellings of hot magma during the Tertiary - Cretaceous period some 65 million years ago, then
later smoothed by glacial
ice and wave action of the
sea.
[UPDATE, 5/20: Natalie Angier has written a nice column on the relatively unheralded walrus, which — like the far more charismatic polar bear — is having a hard time as Arctic
sea ice retreats earlier and farther each spring and summer and
forms later in the boreal fall.
Re 9 wili — I know of a paper suggesting, as I recall, that enhanced «backradiation» (downward radiation reaching the surface emitted by the air / clouds) contributed more to Arctic amplification specifically in the cold part of the year (just to be clear, backradiation should generally increase with any warming (aside from greenhouse feedbacks) and more so with a warming due to an increase in the greenhouse effect (including feedbacks like water vapor and, if positive, clouds, though regional changes in water vapor and clouds can go against the global trend); otherwise it was always my understanding that the albedo feedback was key (while
sea ice decreases so far have been more a summer phenomenon (when it would be warmer to begin with), the heat capacity of the
sea prevents much temperature response, but there is a greater build up of heat from the albedo feedback, and this is released in the cold part of the year when
ice forms later or would have
formed or would have been thicker; the seasonal effect of reduced winter snow cover decreasing at those latitudes which still recieve sunlight in the winter would not be so delayed).
I have alluded to Phillips» opinion, because I see in Geikie's
late work that reference is made to the fact that from the foot of glaciers in Greenland streams of water issue and unite to
form considerable rivers, one of which, after a course of forty miles, enters the
sea with a mouth nearly three - quarters of a mile in breadth — the water flowing freely at a time when the outside
sea was thickly covered with
ice.
«As a result of climate change,
sea ice is melting earlier and
forming later each year, leaving polar bears less time to hunt.
When the
sea -
ice forms later in the year, the freezing process rejects brine and thus the resulting
sea -
ice has a lower salt content than the surface water below.
Arctic
sea ice is melting earlier and
forming later.
Sea ice is
forming two months
later and melting one month earlier.