Nevertheless such variability induced by winds or currents may give a false impression of
global sea level fluctuations in analyses of tide gauge data.
These regional differences, observed by Topex / Poseidon since 1993, mostly reflect
sea level fluctuations over several years., estimates of the rise in sea level - now running at 2.5 millimetres a year - have gained in accuracy.
Increases and decreases in glaciation during the Pennsylvanian resulted
in sea level fluctuations that can be seen in the rocks as striped patterns of alternating shale and coal layers.
Eelco Rohling of the UK National Oceanography Centre at the University of Southampton and colleagues
reconstructed sea level fluctuations over the last 520,000 years and compared this to global climate and carbon dioxide levels data for the same period.
For the time interval during the LIG in which GMSL was above present, there is high confidence that the maximum 1000 - year average rate of GMSL rise associated with
the sea level fluctuation exceeded 2 m kyr — 1 but that it did not exceed 7 m kyr — 1.
These models will help us to estimate groundwater characteristics (e.g., extent, salinity, residence time, and flow rates) and simulate changes in these characteristics due to
sea level fluctuations.
Significant short - term (decades to century - scale) temperature and
sea levels fluctuations (several degrees and many meters) during the last ice age (about 110 — 15 thousand years ago) imply great instability of the Greenland and west Antarctic ice sheets.
Likewise, «during the middle - Pliocene... we find
sea level fluctuations of 20 - 40 metres associated with global temperature variations between today's temperature and +3 °C» (Hansen, Sato et al., 2013).