Not exact matches
Of course, while short - term
changes in
sea level can be predicted fairly accurately based
on the motions of the moon and sun, it is a lot harder predicting the ups and downs of the average global
surface temperature — there is a lot of noise, or natural variation, in the system.
The first image, based
on data from January 1997 when El Nio was still strengthening shows a
sea level rise along the Equator in the eastern Pacific Ocean of up to 34 centimeters with the red colors indicating an associated
change in
sea surface temperature of up to 5.4 degrees C.
The most important bias globally was the modification in measured
sea surface temperatures associated with the
change from ships throwing a bucket over the side, bringing some ocean water
on deck, and putting a thermometer in it, to reading the thermometer in the engine coolant water intake.
Here, we report
on local and global
changes in MHW characteristics over time as recorded by satellite and in situ measurements of
sea surface temperature (SST) and defined using a quantitative MHW framework, which allows for comparisons across regions and events1.
Long - term (decadal and multi-decadal) variation in total annual streamflow is largely influenced by quasi-cyclic
changes in
sea -
surface temperatures and resulting climate conditions; the influence of climate warming
on these patterns is uncertain.
Hi Andrew, Paper you may have, but couldn't find
on «The phase relation between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global
temperature» CO2 lagging temp
change, which really turns the entire AGW argument
on its head: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818112001658 Highlights: ►
Changes in global atmospheric CO2 are lagging 11 — 12 months behind changes in global sea surface temperature ► Changes in atmospheric CO2 are not tracking changes in human emi
Changes in global atmospheric CO2 are lagging 11 — 12 months behind
changes in global sea surface temperature ► Changes in atmospheric CO2 are not tracking changes in human emi
changes in global
sea surface temperature ►
Changes in atmospheric CO2 are not tracking changes in human emi
Changes in atmospheric CO2 are not tracking
changes in human emi
changes in human emissions.
For significant periods of time, the reconstructed large - scale
changes in the North Pacific SLP field described here and by construction the long - term decline in Hawaiian winter rainfall are broadly consistent with long - term
changes in tropical Pacific
sea surface temperature (SST) based
on ENSO reconstructions documented in several other studies, particularly over the last two centuries.
This seems to be associated with particular patterns of
change in
sea surface temperature in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, a teleconnection which is well - captured in climate models
on seasonal timescales.
As the authors point out, even if the whole story comes down to precipitation
changes which favor ablation, the persistence of these conditions throughout the 20th century still might be an indirect effect of global warming, via the remote effect of
sea surface temperature on atmospheric circulation.
On Wednesday an interesting paper (Thompson et al) was published in Nature, pointing to a clear artifact in the
sea surface temperatures in 1945 and associating it with the
changing mix of fleets and measurement techniques at the end of World War II.
Please don't lose the bigger perspective and the undoubted effects of high
sea surface temperatures, of which a component is human induced climate
change,
on these events.
I think the evidence is emerging that quite small
changes in
sea surface temperatures have huge effects
on hurricanes and these events.
Is the record detailed enough to understand 3 - dimensional
changes in
sea temperature or is it mostly based
on sea surface altimetry?
But it does say; «Natural climate variations, which tend to involve localized
changes in
sea surface temperature, may have a larger effect
on hurricane activity than the more uniform patterns of global warming...»
For example,
temperature changes on sea surfaces can signal widespread weather shifts like El Niño.
Until you can all agree
on whether
changes in soil moisture are due to lower solar, or due to higher CO2, use solely
sea surface temperatures for global mean
surface T
change.
In 2014 climate scientists published a peer - reviewed paper (Johnstone 2014) suggesting that climate
change along the coast of North America could be best explained by natural cycles of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) due to its affects
on sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific.
Subsequently, climate
change has been greatly affected as Antarctic Intermediate Water have cooled and exerted a tremendous effect
on tropical
sea surface temperatures for millions of years via «ocean tunneling».
Further climate
change is expected to intensify these effects
on North
Sea plankton, cod, and marine ecosystems.7 By 2100, scientists estimate that average world sea surface temperatures could rise as much as 5.4 ° F (3 ° C) if our heat - trapping emissions continue unabated.13,
Sea plankton, cod, and marine ecosystems.7 By 2100, scientists estimate that average world
sea surface temperatures could rise as much as 5.4 ° F (3 ° C) if our heat - trapping emissions continue unabated.13,
sea surface temperatures could rise as much as 5.4 ° F (3 ° C) if our heat - trapping emissions continue unabated.13, 14
The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is a naturally occurring pattern of
sea surface temperature change that is seen in the North Atlantic Ocean
on decadal timescales and affects weather and climate.
What we know with some certainty about oceans (if data is to be believed) is that the intra-annual
change in the insolation effects (suspiciously) high symmetricity in the N. Atlantic's
sea surface temperature, cantered
on 1st of March and 31st of August.
The
changes in
sea -
surface temperatures are consistent with the impact of the annular modes
on the
surface fluxes of latent and sensible heat, and also
on the flux of heat by the anomalous Ekman flow.
How hurricanes develop also depends
on how the local atmosphere responds to
changes in local
sea surface temperatures, and this atmospheric response depends critically
on the cause of the
change.23, 24 For example, the atmosphere responds differently when local
sea surface temperatures increase due to a local decrease of particulate pollution that allows more sunlight through to warm the ocean, versus when
sea surface temperatures increase more uniformly around the world due to increased amounts of human - caused heat - trapping gases.25, 26,27,28
Change in El Nino intensity (As El Nino intensity is in part based
on sea surface temperatures, rising
temperatures will cause more intense El Ninos causing flooding, droughts, wild fires and famines.
Pokrovsky predicts a further acceleration of melting of the thin ice and in general greater ice loss compared to his June prediction; this
change is based
on the increase in the
sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Atlantic and the presence of hot air masses over Siberia and the Russian Arctic.
«The authors write that «the notorious tropical bias problem in climate simulations of global coupled general circulation models manifests itself particularly strongly in the tropical Atlantic,»... they state that «the climate bias problem is still so severe that one of the most basic features of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean — the eastward shoaling thermocline — can not be reproduced by most of the IPCC assessment report models,... as they describe it, «show that the bias in the eastern equatorial Atlantic has a major effect
on sea -
surface temperature (SST) response to a rapid
change in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).»
That is Spencer's point, that the all of the
temperature change does not appear to be dependent
on sea surface temperature, ENSO variations.
My earliest research was
on orbital - scale
changes in North Atlantic sediments to reconstruct past
sea -
surface temperatures and to quantify the deposition of ice - rafted debris.
The air responds to a
change in it's own resistor efficiency by
changing it's own circulation patterns to again meet the requirement that the
surface air
temperature and the
sea surface temperature be the same
on average globally.
Concerning decadal
changing trends of CO2 content in atmosphere I have expressed that they are caused by
changing temperatures of
sea surface water
on the seasurface areas where seasurface CO2 sinks are.
The C - ROADS (Climate Rapid Overview and Decision Support) simulator is based
on the biogeophysical and integrated assessment literature and includes representations of the carbon cycle, other GHGs, radiative forcing, global mean
surface temperature, and
sea level
change.
280 Though I can not find any literature
on equatorial warming triggering reorganization for the D - O events, there are reports, for the glacial - interglacial transition, that Pacific
sea surface temperatures warmed 3,000 years before
changes in ice volumes.
This is achieved through the study of three independent records, the net heat flux into the oceans over 5 decades, the
sea - level
change rate based
on tide gauge records over the 20th century, and the
sea -
surface temperature variations.
[Shaviv and Veizer, 2003] conclude that the effect of a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration
on tropical
sea surface temperatures (SST) is likely to be 0.5 ºC (up to 1.9 ºC at 99 % confidence), with global mean
temperature changes about 1.5 times as large.
How hurricanes develop also depends
on how the local atmosphere responds to
changes in local
sea surface temperatures, and this atmospheric response depends critically
on the cause of the
change.23, 24 For example, the atmosphere responds differently when local
sea surface temperatures increase due to a local decrease of particulate pollution that allows more sunlight through to warm the ocean, versus when
sea surface temperatures increase more uniformly around the world due to increased amounts of human - caused heat - trapping gases.18, 25,26,27 So the link between hurricanes and ocean
temperatures is complex.
Elsewhere
on this site there is a graph of overall ocean heat content which is building indicating that while the sst is decreasing slightly the overall ocean is warming, It is likely that this overall ocean warming which has nothing to do with
changes to the atmospheric
temperature because it is the
sea surface and not the deep ocean that is in contact with the atmosphere is what is resulting in the overall rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration which is currenly increasing at 2ppmv / year.
In his House of Commons presentation, toward the end, he gives a sketch of an alternative derivation of the «Climate Sensitivity» based
on observed rates of evaporation increase per
change in
sea surface temperature, and this based
on data from the 2007 paper by Wentz et.
The most important bias globally was the modification in measured
sea surface temperatures associated with the
change from ships throwing a bucket over the side, bringing some ocean water
on deck, and putting a thermometer in it, to reading the thermometer in the engine coolant water intake.
That's exactly what was done in a new paper by Kosaka and Xie (2013, Nature, doi: 10.1038 / nature12534) which investigates the impact of the tropical Pacific
sea surface temperature on global
temperature change.
Watching the current hurricane coverage (family in Fla / Ga / NC) I see no mention of
sea surface temperature, no graphics of how it's
changing as the hurricane tracks across it, nothing about the second hurricane coming
on soon.
This is achieved through the study of three independent records, the net heat flux into the oceans over 5 decades, the
sea - level
change rate based
on tide gauge records over the 20th century, and the
sea -
surface temperature variations... We find that the total radiative forcing associated with solar cycles variations is about 5 to 7 times larger than just those associated with the TSI variations, thus implying the necessary existence of an amplification mechanism, although without pointing to which one.
Since the scaling factor used is based purely
on simulations by CMIP5 models, rather than
on observations, the estimate is only valid if those simulations realistically reproduce the spatiotemporal pattern of actual warming for both SST and near -
surface air
temperature (tas), and
changes in
sea - ice cover.
However, a confident assessment of human influence
on hurricanes will require further studies using models and observations, with emphasis
on distinguishing natural from human - induced
changes in hurricane activity through their influence
on factors such as historical
sea surface temperatures, wind shear, and atmospheric vertical stability.
Additionally, such an observing system, by measuring the temporal and spatial variability of the AMOC for approximately a decade, would provide essential ground truth to AMOC model estimates and would also yield insight into whether AMOC
changes or other atmospheric / oceanic variability have the dominant impact
on interannual
sea surface temperature (SST) variability.
Doing this
on a year - to - year basis shows NO apparent correlation with the absolute «globally and annually averaged land and
sea surface temperature anomaly» (i.e. HadCRUT3), but does show a weak correlation with the
CHANGE in
temperature from the previous year, for example:
Other data sets such as ocean heat content,
sea ice extent, whatever, are not sufficiently mature or long - range... Further, the
surface temperature is most relevant to climate
change impacts, since humans and land ecosystems live
on the
surface.»
Based
on the understanding of both the physical processes that control key climate feedbacks (see Section 8.6.3), and also the origin of inter-model differences in the simulation of feedbacks (see Section 8.6.2), the following climate characteristics appear to be particularly important: (i) for the water vapour and lapse rate feedbacks, the response of upper - tropospheric RH and lapse rate to interannual or decadal
changes in climate; (ii) for cloud feedbacks, the response of boundary - layer clouds and anvil clouds to a
change in
surface or atmospheric conditions and the
change in cloud radiative properties associated with a
change in extratropical synoptic weather systems; (iii) for snow albedo feedbacks, the relationship between
surface air
temperature and snow melt over northern land areas during spring and (iv) for
sea ice feedbacks, the simulation of
sea ice thickness.
There is a difference between a model that tries to predict future average
temperatures and a model that describes how
sea surface temperature changes cause CO2 concentration
changes and depend
on the current CO2 concentration.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-- The periodic
change in
sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific, known as ENSO, has an impact
on temperatures and precipitation in the neighbouring contents and across the globe.
However, for
changes over time, only anomalies, as departures from a climatology, are used, most commonly based
on the area - weighted global average of the
sea surface temperature anomaly and land
surface air
temperature anomaly.