In determining a representative temperature of say San Francisco would you mix air temperatures over land with
sea temperatures from the bay in the same way?
Tung and co-author Xianyao Chen of the Ocean University of China, who was a UW visiting professor last year, used recent observations of deep -
sea temperatures from Argo floats that sample the water down to 6,500 feet (2,000 meters) depth.
This was disclosed by the environment ministry of Japan, which said 70 percent of the corals in the Sekisei lagoon reef in Okinawa has been killed by bleaching and blamed the rising
sea temperatures from global warming for the phenomenon.
They then mix it in with
sea temperatures from goodness knows where (There was only very limited coverage before 2003)
He does not state where he obtained his information but it might have been from [this press release] in which I was discussing the increase in the abundance of Atlantic cod in the Barents Sea and its relationship to
sea temperatures from studies we had conducted, or in Drinkwater et al., (2011, Progress in Oceanography 90, 47 - 61).
Willis Eschenback notes a relative + / - 0.5 deg C (1 deg C range) variation in
sea temperature from day to night.
Not exact matches
A U.S. withdrawal
from the pact, agreed to by almost 200 countries, would set back international efforts to limit rising
temperatures that have been linked to the extinctions of animals and plants, heat waves, floods and rising
sea levels..
Evidence
from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) shows that global
sea levels in the last two decades are rising dramatically as surface
temperatures warm oceans and...
We have much better — and more conclusive — evidence for climate change
from more boring sources like global
temperature averages, or the extent of global
sea ice, or thousands of years» worth of C02 levels stored frozen in ice cores.
1) Pre-heat oven to 300 deg Fahrenheit (150 deg cel) 2) Line one large baking sheet (0r two medium baking sheets) with parchment paper 3) In a large bowl, combine the oats, chia seeds, flax seeds, raisins, almonds and other nuts, and mix well 4) In a smaller bowl, whisk together the honey, light brown sugar, melted butter and cinnamon until smooth and sugar has dissolved 5) Pour the honey mixture over the dry ingredients and stir well until you get a homogeneous mixture 6) Pour the mixture over the baking sheets and spread evenly with a spatula, then season lightly with
sea salt 7) Bake for 15 minutes, then stir the granola gently (to make sure all sides are cooked) 8) At this point, you may need to switch the baking sheets (if you are using 2) so the granola cooks evenly 9) Bake for another 15 minutes, then stir again, before cooking for a final 15 minutes or until golden brown 10) Remove granola
from the oven and place on cooking racks until completely cool and crisp 11) Store granola in air - tight containers at room
temperature.
1/2 cup (1 stick) + 3 tablespoons unsalted butter, divided 1/2 cup whole milk 1/2 cup full - fat sour cream 1/3 cup granulated sugar 1 packet (2 1/4 teaspoons) active dry yeast 3 1/4 cups all - purpose flour 1 teaspoon lemon zest (
from 1 medium lemon) 1 teaspoon Kosher or
sea salt 2 large eggs, room
temperature
5 1/3 cups bread flour, divided, plus more for surface (Kindred uses King Arthur) 1 cup heavy cream 1/3 cup mild honey (such as wildflower or alfalfa) 3 tablespoons nonfat dry milk powder (such as Alba) 2 tablespoons active dry yeast (
from about 3 envelopes) 3 large eggs 4 tablespoons (1/2 stick) unsalted butter, cut into pieces, at room
temperature Nonstick vegetable oil spray Flaky
sea salt (optional, but shouldn't be)
Shipping containers used to ship the coconut oil to the US by
sea from the tropics can reach
temperatures of over 130 degrees F.
Scone ingredients • 1/2 cup unsweetened almond milk • 1/2 tablespoon apple cider vinegar • 1/2 cup plus 2 tablespoons gluten free rolled oats • 1 1/2 cups 1 to 1 Gluten - Free Flour Blend • 1/4 cup plus 1 tablespoon coconut sugar, plus more for sprinkling on top • 2 teaspoons baking powder • pinch of
sea salt • zest of 2 organic lemons, divided • 1/4 cup neutral coconut oil — scoopable, at room
temperature • 1/2 cup pistachios — chopped, plus more for garnish • 1 1/2 cup fresh or frozen (not thawed) blueberries • 1/4 cup aquafaba (water
from a can of chickpeas or other beans) • 1 teaspoon vanilla extract for the glaze • 1/4 cup cashew butter • 1 1/2 tablespoons maple syrup or honey • 1/4 teaspoon turmeric — for colour • juice of 1 lemon
Rough
seas, crowded conditions,
temperature extremes and high ammonia levels
from the buildup of waste — all exacerbate the risk of illness and injury.
Nut & Seed Granola
from Feeding the Whole Family: Cooking with Whole Foods by Cynthia Lair (shared with permission) 3 cups rolled oats 1/2 cup sesame seeds 1/2 cup sunflower seeds 1/2 cup pumpkin seeds 1/2 cup almonds, chopped 1 cup whole wheat pastry flour 1/2 tsp cinnamon pinch
sea salt 1/3 cup cold - pressed vegetable oil (we like to use coconut, though all wet ingredients need to be at room
temperature to do so) 1/3 cup brown rice syrup or maple syrup 1/4 cup apple or orange juice (in a pinch, most other juices have worked for us too) 1 tsp vanilla 1/4 tsp almond extract
Here in the mountains is very harsh climate: strong winds
from the
sea and the difference between daytime and night
temperatures can be 30 ° C (
from 40 ° to 10 °).
However, if you do not have time to test your thermometer in boiling water, or if you just want a general idea of how to adjust candy
temperature recipes, here is a handy rule of thumb: Subtract two degrees Fahrenheit
from a stated
temperature for every 1,000 feet you are above
sea level.
It shows that the greatest threats to the UK come
from periods of too much or too little water, increasing average and extreme seasonal
temperatures, and rising
sea levels.
In the study, scientists
from the Potsdam - based Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, and Harvard University show that
sea surface
temperatures reconstructed
from climate archives vary to a much greater extent on long time scales than simulated by climate models.
Using different calibration and filtering processes, the two researchers succeeded in combining a wide variety of available data
from temperature measurements and climate archives in such a way that they were able to compare the reconstructed
sea surface
temperature variations at different locations around the globe on different time scales over a period of 7,000 years.
The researchers ran one set of simulations using actual
sea surface
temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions
from December 2014 to September 2015.
On a millennial time scale, conventional climate models underestimated the variations of
sea surface
temperatures reconstructed
from climate archives by a factor of 50.
In contrast, in decades of coolest
sea surface
temperature, swifter winds extract more heat
from the western and central Atlantic before arriving in Europe.
Therefore she analyzed her Galápagos coral
temperature chronologies alongside published coral
temperature chronologies
from islands farther north and west and instrumental
sea surface
temperature records
from the southern Galápagos town of Puerto Ayora and the Peruvian coastal town of Puerto Chicama.
In an unprecedented evolution experiment scientists
from GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and the Thünen Institute of
Sea Fisheries have demonstrated for the first time, that the single most important calcifying algae of the world's oceans, Emiliania huxleyi, can adapt simultaneously to ocean acidification and rising water
temperatures.
«Winds hide Atlantic variability
from Europe's winters: Study reveals how wind patterns change along with
sea - surface
temperatures.»
The new research reveals that, in decades in which North Atlantic
sea surface
temperatures are elevated, winds deliver air to Europe disproportionately
from the north.
During decades when the
sea is cool (associated with blue colors), the prevailing winds are more likely to flow across the Atlantic
from North America, keeping western European air
temperatures mild.
The researchers identified several key circulation patterns that affected the winter
temperatures from 1979 to 2013, particularly the Arctic Oscillation (a climate pattern that circulates around the Arctic Ocean and tends to confine colder air to the polar latitudes) and a second pattern they call Warm Arctic and Cold Eurasia (WACE), which they found correlates to
sea ice loss as well as to particularly strong winters.
«Today, the wet season is getting wetter and the dry season drier in Southern and Eastern Amazonia due to changing
sea - surface
temperatures that influence moisture transport across the tropics,» says Anja Rammig
from Technische Universität München (TUM) and PIK.
The acrid miasma of 91,000 liters of jet fuel and the 10,000,000 tons of building materials and contents burning at
temperatures above 1,000 degrees Celsius extended
from lower Manhattan across the East River into Brooklyn and beyond to the
sea.
While natural climate variations like El Niño do affect the frequency and severity of heat waves
from one year to the next, the study suggests the increases are mainly linked to long - term changes in
sea surface
temperatures.
Mori et al. identified two circulation patterns that drove winter
temperatures in Eurasia
from 1979 to 2013: the Arctic Oscillation (which confines colder air to the polar latitudes) and a pattern dubbed «Warm Arctic and Cold Eurasia» (WACE), which correlated both to
sea - ice loss in the Barents - Kara Sea and to particularly cold winters; its impact has more than doubled the probability of severe winters in central Euras
sea - ice loss in the Barents - Kara
Sea and to particularly cold winters; its impact has more than doubled the probability of severe winters in central Euras
Sea and to particularly cold winters; its impact has more than doubled the probability of severe winters in central Eurasia.
The team used records of oxygen isotope ratios (which provide a record of ancient water
temperature)
from microscopic plankton fossils recovered
from the Mediterranean
Sea, spanning the last 5.3 million years.
The new
sea - level record was then used in combination with existing deep -
sea oxygen isotope records
from the open ocean, to work out deep -
sea temperature changes.
Researchers
from the University of Southampton, the National Oceanography Centre and the Australian National University developed a new method for determining
sea - level and deep -
sea temperature variability over the past 5.3 million years.
And a third found that climate - induced
sea - surface
temperature anomalies over the northeast Pacific were driving storms (and moisture) away
from California, but the warming also caused increased humidity — two competing factors that may produce no net effect.
Because monsoons result
from the
temperature differences between land and
sea, the yearly monsoon was so weakened that northern Africa and India experienced a devastating drought.
Not surprisingly, Atlantic coastal communities are projected to take a toll
from rising
seas and strengthening hurricanes, but also much of the South and Midwest will be hurt by a decline in farming caused by rising
temperatures, along with increasing energy demands to keep up with the heat.
The future of the currents, whether slowing, stopping or reversing (as was observed during several months measurements), could have a profound effect on regional weather patterns —
from colder winters in Europe to a much warmer Caribbean (and hence warmer
sea surface
temperatures to feed hurricanes).
This image shows the
sea surface
temperature anomaly in the Pacific Ocean
from April 14 — 21, 2008.
The researchers analyzed
temperature records for the years 1881 to 2013
from HadCRUT4, a widely used data set for land and
sea locations compiled by the University of East Anglia and the U.K. Met Office.
The government dataset, called the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Extended Reconstructed
Sea Surface Temperature version 4, increased the sea surface temperature trend estimate over the last 18 years from 0.07 ° Celsius per decade to 0.12 ° Celsius per decade, partly because of adjustments for different types of measuring instrumen
Sea Surface
Temperature version 4, increased the sea surface temperature trend estimate over the last 18 years from 0.07 ° Celsius per decade to 0.12 ° Celsius per decade, partly because of adjustments for different types of measuring i
Temperature version 4, increased the
sea surface temperature trend estimate over the last 18 years from 0.07 ° Celsius per decade to 0.12 ° Celsius per decade, partly because of adjustments for different types of measuring instrumen
sea surface
temperature trend estimate over the last 18 years from 0.07 ° Celsius per decade to 0.12 ° Celsius per decade, partly because of adjustments for different types of measuring i
temperature trend estimate over the last 18 years
from 0.07 ° Celsius per decade to 0.12 ° Celsius per decade, partly because of adjustments for different types of measuring instruments.
Obtaining accurate
sea surface
temperatures is important for a range of applications —
from weather prediction to climate modeling to understanding marine ecosystem fluctuations.
Analyzing data collected over a 20 - month period, scientists
from NASA's Goddard Space Flight center in Greenbelt, Md., and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that the number of cirrus clouds above the Pacific Ocean declines with warmer
sea surface
temperatures.
But as the heat wave stretched
from days to weeks, Coral
Sea temperatures spiked more than 3 degrees Fahrenheit above normal, and many corals succumbed to starvation or disease.
In late June, the U.S. Government Accountability Office released an assessment of how the consequences of climate change,
from rising
temperatures and
sea levels to changes in precipitation patterns and
sea ice cover, might impact the military.
Scientists think sudden, violent outflows of the gas
from the
sea floor might have spiked the planet's
temperature about 55 million years ago, and they think the gulf spill affords them the unique opportunity to study an analog in real time.
Researchers
from Norway and China have collaborated on developing an autonomous buoy with instruments that can more precisely measure the optical properties of Arctic
sea ice while also taking measurements of ice thickness and
temperature.