Sentences with phrase «seasonal distribution of»

Seasonal distribution of nitrifying bacteria and rates of nitrification in coastal marine sediments

Feulner also asserts that there may be two simultaneous effects: (i) that the precipitable water content, pyranometry and the pyrheliometry measurements exhibit pronounced regular seasonal variations, and (ii) the seasonal distribution of sunspot numbers can give the impression of a change with solar activity.

The slowly changing orbit and tilt of the spin axis affect the seasonal distribution of insolation [27], and thus the growth and decay of ice sheets, as proposed by Milankovitch [28].

It is highly plausible that these cycles are related to solar intensity and the seasonal distribution of solar heat on the Earth's surface.

We know LOD varies continually, partly a function of seasonal distribution of ice mass and partly a function of variable magnetic coupling betwixt sun and earth.

I have sought the best empirical evidence to show how changes in incoming solar radiation, accounted for by intrinsic solar magnetic modulation of the irradiance output as well as planetary modulation of the seasonal distribution of sunlight, affects the thermal properties of land and sea, including temperatures.

As a result, changes in the position and duration of the seasons on the orbit strongly modulate the latitudinal and seasonal distribution of insolation.

So while the orbital factors can change the seasonal distribution of insolation, the total insolation is constant.

Because a thin layer of snow is just as reflective as a thick layer, the reflectivity effect depends more on the seasonal distribution of snowfall than the annual average amount.

This underscores the fact that ablation (via the reflectivity effect) depends on the seasonal distribution of snowfall.

One could model an increase in a local summer anomaly of 21 oC (in 1951, say) to 24.6 oC (in 2011) by a shift in the seasonal distribution of 18 oC cool days and 28 oC hot days from a ratio of 2 in 1951 to 0.5 in 2011.

The seasonal distribution of marine Crenarchaeota in the oxic and ammonia - rich surface waters off Palmer Station, Antarctica [4], as well as a correlation of increasing crenarchaeal abundance with a nitrite (NO2 −) maximum are both consistent with the hypothesis that marine Crenarchaeota are capable of ammonia oxidation [25].

Climate oscillations evident in Fig. 4 of Hansen et al. [52] were instigated by perturbations of Earth's orbit and spin axis tilt relative to the orbital plane, which alter the geographical and seasonal distribution of sunlight on Earth [58].

Natural variation in precipitation influences snowmelt timing and the seasonal distribution of streamflow.

For example, the isotopic signatures of ice cores depend on the seasonal distribution of precipitation.

Not exact matches

Examples of these risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to the impact of: adverse general economic and related factors, such as fluctuating or increasing levels of unemployment, underemployment and the volatility of fuel prices, declines in the securities and real estate markets, and perceptions of these conditions that decrease the level of disposable income of consumers or consumer confidence; adverse events impacting the security of travel, such as terrorist acts, armed conflict and threats thereof, acts of piracy, and other international events; the risks and increased costs associated with operating internationally; our expansion into and investments in new markets; breaches in data security or other disturbances to our information technology and other networks; the spread of epidemics and viral outbreaks; adverse incidents involving cruise ships; changes in fuel prices and / or other cruise operating costs; any impairment of our tradenames or goodwill; our hedging strategies; our inability to obtain adequate insurance coverage; our substantial indebtedness, including the ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, and to generate the necessary amount of cash to service our existing debt; restrictions in the agreements governing our indebtedness that limit our flexibility in operating our business; the significant portion of our assets pledged as collateral under our existing debt agreements and the ability of our creditors to accelerate the repayment of our indebtedness; volatility and disruptions in the global credit and financial markets, which may adversely affect our ability to borrow and could increase our counterparty credit risks, including those under our credit facilities, derivatives, contingent obligations, insurance contracts and new ship progress payment guarantees; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; overcapacity in key markets or globally; our inability to recruit or retain qualified personnel or the loss of key personnel; future changes relating to how external distribution channels sell and market our cruises; our reliance on third parties to provide hotel management services to certain ships and certain other services; delays in our shipbuilding program and ship repairs, maintenance and refurbishments; future increases in the price of, or major changes or reduction in, commercial airline services; seasonal variations in passenger fare rates and occupancy levels at different times of the year; our ability to keep pace with developments in technology; amendments to our collective bargaining agreements for crew members and other employee relation issues; the continued availability of attractive port destinations; pending or threatened litigation, investigations and enforcement actions; changes involving the tax and environmental regulatory regimes in which we operate; and other factors set forth under «Risk Factors» in our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10 - K and subsequent filings by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

A scientific study to understand the impact of climate change and other factors on plant - pollinator interactions, geographic distributions and seasonal abundances

For example, the ice ages during the last several million years — and the warmer periods in between — appear to have been triggered by no more than a different seasonal and latitudinal distribution of the solar energy absorbed by the Earth, not by a change in output from the sun.

According to the findings, the extent of Arctic sea ice and its seasonal distribution clearly have broad impacts on Arctic climate that extend beyond the Arctic Ocean itself and have important implications for the future of the Arctic system.

A new study, the most comprehensive ever on seasonal distribution patterns and historic trends in abundance of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the western North Atlantic Ocean, used records compiled over more than 200 years to update knowledge and fill in gaps in information about this species.

The TES will also investigate seasonal changes in the polar ice caps and the distribution of dust and clouds in the atmosphere.

Zooplankton ecology, Copepod life history strategies and population dynamics, trophic interactions, coastal observing of zooplankton and ichthyoplankton seasonal species succession, zooplankton vertical distribution, fish recruitment processes and connectivity, laboratory experiments and field sampling.

Zooplankton species population dynamics, trophic interactions, production rates, seasonal species succession, biological / physical interactions controlling species distributions, mathematical modeling, field sampling, in situ optical imaging and automated analysis of mesoplankton using video and holography.

However, most of the surface features unveiled by Hubble, including the prominent northern polar cap, are likely produced by the complex distribution of frosts that migrate across Pluto's surface with its orbital and seasonal cycles and chemical byproducts deposited out of Pluto's nitrogen - methane atmosphere.

Seasonal to centennial - scale variability of microparticle concentration and size distribution in the WAIS Divide ice core over the past 2.4 ka.

Spatial distributions and seasonal cycles of aerosol climate effects in India seen in a global climate - aerosol model.

These orbital variations, which can be calculated from astronomical laws (Berger, 1978), force climate variations by changing the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of solar radiation (Chapter 6).

From the production of petroleum - based fertilizers to the cross-country distribution of seasonal fruits and vegetables, the modern food system accounts for 10 percent of U.S. energy consumption.

While different organizations take up the cause of the employees in Amazon's global distribution centers for their wages (or perceived lack thereof), Amazon came back with a statement that it pays its employees at a higher average than even the minimum required; this includes its seasonal employees, who typically make less than full - hire employees in every industry.

As a result, production and distribution are modest, and the resulting sake can be somewhat delicate; after a tasting I was especially keen on one of the seasonal offerings but was told that particular variety was too temperature - sensitive to survive the trip back home.

Information on seasonal presence, movement and general distribution patterns of large whales is shared with mariners, NMFS Office of Protected Resources, US Coast Guard, California Department of Fish and Game, the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, the Marine Exchange of Southern California, and whale scientists.

For example since the temperature anomalies used in the analyses are local seasonal averages, then an increase in the value of a temperature anomaly might arise simply from a shift in the local temperature distribution.

The limitations of the RCM for example, as the authors note, also lead to incorrect seasonal and geographic distributions of TC genesis.

Although the primary driver of glacial — interglacial cycles lies in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of incoming solar energy driven by changes in the geometry of the Earth's orbit around the Sun («orbital forcing»), reconstructions and simulations together show that the full magnitude of glacial — interglacial temperature and ice volume changes can not be explained without accounting for changes in atmospheric CO2 content and the associated climate feedbacks.

The main changes in radiative forcing from the precessional cycle are in the latitudinal and seasonal distribution, not in the global mean, which is why the nature of the response can be expected to be different from doubling CO2.

There can / will be local and regional, latitudinal, diurnal and seasonal, and internal variability - related deviations to the pattern (in temperature and in optical properties (LW and SW) from components (water vapor, clouds, snow, etc.) that vary with weather and climate), but the global average effect is at least somewhat constrained by the global average vertical distribution of solar heating, which requires the equilibrium net convective + LW fluxes, in the global average, to be sizable and upward at all levels from the surface to TOA, thus tending to limit the extent and magnitude of inversions.)

Changes in the spatial distribution and seasonal timing of flora and fauna within marine, aquatic, and terrestrial environments can result in trophic mismatches and asynchronies.

While these methods are heavily used, there are concerns regarding the distributions of available measurements, how well these sample the globe, and such issues as the degree to which the methods have spatial and seasonal biases or apparent divergence in the relationship with recent climate change.

Thus, the percentage of European regions with seasonal maxima above 3 SDs (> 99th percentile of the 1970 - 1999 distribution) has doubled within one decade.

Moreover, we suggest that accounting for any spatial or seasonal biases in the stack would tend to reduce its variability because of the cancellation of noise in a large - scale mean and the opposing nature of seasonal insolation forcing over the Holocene, causing the Holocene temperature distribution to contract.

Using an ensemble of four high resolution (~ 25 km) regional climate models, this study analyses the future (2021 - 2050) spatial distribution of seasonal temperature and precipitation extremes in the Ganges river basin based on the SRES A1B emissions scenario.

Distributions of seasonal and annual temperature trends show high rates of warming in the high - elevation regions of the country (Middle Mountains and Himalaya), while low warming or even cooling trends were found in the southern regions.

Simulations by regional climate models show good agreement with observations in the seasonal and spatial variability of the joint distribution, especially when an ensemble of simulations was used.

Armstrong, J. L., J. L. Boldt, A. D. Cross, J. H. Moss, N. D. Davis, K. W. Myers, R. V. Walker, D. A. Beauchamp, and L. J. Haldorson, 2005: Distribution, size, and interannual, seasonal and diel food habits of northern Gulf of Alaska juvenile pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha.

Using government statistics and geospatial data on natural gas use, we find the average fractional loss rate to the atmosphere from all downstream components of the natural gas system, including transmission, distribution, and end use, was 2.7 ± 0.6 % in the Boston urban region, with little seasonal variability.

«ENSO and IOD bring... shift [s] in the seasonal rainfall distribution,» Ghosh said, «which can be easily captured using isotopic fingerprinting of carbonates in growth bands of Achatina fulica snails.»

Surface warming is «seasonal warming» associated with the asymmetric distribution of land (low heat capacity) and ocean (high heat capacity) between the hemispheres.

Zhang, J., R. Woodgate, and S. Mangiameli, Towards seasonal prediction of the distribution and extent of cold bottom waters on the Bering Sea shelf, Deep - Sea Res.

David, Wouldn't you agree that if the seasonal and geographic distributions of atmospheric temperature, water vapor, and clouds distributions of climate model simulations are a reasonably close reproduction of current climate conditions, that atmospheric dynamics is not a major obstacle or source of bias in the modeling of atmospheric effects.

The distribution of seasonal accumulation and ablation rates are measured in - situ.