-- Fermentation at
seasonal temperatures results in capsules that have a three - year shelf - life at room temperature.
Not exact matches
Besides the increased emissions of N2O, the authors observed significant increases in the
seasonal release of CO2 and CH4 as a
result of only a mild
temperature increase, and dug deeply into the reason behind the observed changes by detailed soil and vegetation measurements.
Climate change,
resulting in more frost - free days and warmer
seasonal air
temperatures, can contribute to shifts in flowering time and pollen initiation from allergenic plant species, and increased CO2 by itself can elevate production of plant - based allergens.137, 15,16,17,18,19,138 Higher pollen concentrations and longer pollen seasons can increase allergic sensitizations and asthma episodes, 20,21,155,22 and diminish productive work and school days.138, 22,23
However, even with a lengthened window for establishment, warming
temperatures alone may cause seedling mortality and failed regeneration as a
result of
seasonal mismatches in the timing of flowering and seed production (Cayan et al. 2010; Williams et al. 2013).
This decrease
results because plant respiration also increases with
temperature, and some of the photosynthetic gains (that lead to increased productivity) are lost through a) growth and maintenance respiration (Ryan et al. 1995), or b)
seasonal differences between photosynthetic gains in the spring and increased respiration in the fall.
As a
result, production and distribution are modest, and the
resulting sake can be somewhat delicate; after a tasting I was especially keen on one of the
seasonal offerings but was told that particular variety was too
temperature - sensitive to survive the trip back home.
The changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration
resulting from human consumption of fossil fuels cause most of both the
temperature increase and the changes in the
seasonal cycle.»
Climate change,
resulting in more frost - free days and warmer
seasonal air
temperatures, can contribute to shifts in flowering time and pollen initiation from allergenic plant species, and increased CO2 by itself can elevate production of plant - based allergens.137, 15,16,17,18,19,138 Higher pollen concentrations and longer pollen seasons can increase allergic sensitizations and asthma episodes, 20,21,155,22 and diminish productive work and school days.138, 22,23
On a
seasonal basis the ranges between the daily maximum, minimum and average are all listed and the lowest ratio is that the daily minimum
temperature range over the year is 77,000 times greater than the
temperature difference that would
result from the proposed 30 % reduction in emissions.
Type 3 downscaling is applied, for example, for
seasonal forecasts where slowly changing anomalies in the surface forcing (such as sea surface
temperature) provide real - world information to constrain the downscaling
results.
The White House notes that «even small differences from
seasonal average
temperatures result in illness and death.
For example, reductions in
seasonal sea ice cover and higher surface
temperatures may open up new habitat in polar regions for some important fish species, such as cod, herring, and pollock.128 However, continued presence of cold bottom - water
temperatures on the Alaskan continental shelf could limit northward migration into the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea off northwestern Alaska.129, 130 In addition, warming may cause reductions in the abundance of some species, such as pollock, in their current ranges in the Bering Sea131and reduce the health of juvenile sockeye salmon, potentially
resulting in decreased overwinter survival.132 If ocean warming continues, it is unlikely that current fishing pressure on pollock can be sustained.133 Higher
temperatures are also likely to increase the frequency of early Chinook salmon migrations, making management of the fishery by multiple user groups more challenging.134
«There is evidence of an emerging pattern of climate response to forcing by greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols... from the geographical,
seasonal and vertical patterns of
temperature change... These
results point toward a human influence on global climate.»
Our
results point to the need for future observational and modeling studies to focus on the regional and
seasonal characteristics of Antarctic climate change, the regional response to ozone depletion, the influence of tropical variability and climate change on Antarctic climate, and on the mechanisms that link sea ice and air
temperature in Antarctica.
Seasonal exchanges are huge: about 20 % of all CO2 in the atmosphere is exchanged between atmosphere and other reservoirs over the seasons, but as the exchanges with oceans and vegetation are countercurrent with
temperature (vegetation in the NH dominates), the net
result is only some 2 % change in the atmosphere over the seasons which is visible in the Mauna Loa curve.
The
seasonal climate may relate to changes in the ocean circulation pattern prior to 4.6 Ma that
resulted in an increased
temperature and atmospheric pressure gradient between the east coast of North America and the Atlantic Ocean, but this climate phase seems to be only a temporary condition, as underlying and overlying sediment are both consistent with drier conditions.
As a
result of soil and atmosphere feedbacks (Beljaars et al. 1996; Seneviratne et al. 2010),
seasonal predictions of soil moisture content over the US can further increase the predictability of precipitation and atmospheric
temperature variations for up to several months (Zeng et al. 1999; Kanamitsu et al. 2003; Koster and Suarez 2003; Yang et al. 2004; Dirmeyer et al. 2013).
Pre-TAR AOGCM
results held at the DDC were included in a model intercomparison across the four SRES emissions scenarios (B1, B2, A2, and A1FI) of
seasonal mean
temperature and precipitation change for thirty - two world regions (Ruosteenoja et al., 2003).9 The inter-model range of changes by the end of the 21st century is summarised in Figure 2.6 for the A2 scenario, expressed as rates of change per century.