"Secular stagnation" refers to a prolonged period of slow economic growth and low inflation in an economy. It suggests that the economy is stuck in a state where there is limited investment, low consumer demand, and insufficient job creation. It is called "secular" because it is believed to be a long-term and persistent issue rather than a short-lived economic downturn.
Full definition
From the perspective
of secular stagnation theory, much of what people worry about in monetary policy is endogenous rather than exogenous — such as zero rates, conditions that give rise to negative long - term rates, decisions to expand balance sheets.
It has been two years since I resurrected Alvin Hansen's
secular stagnation idea and suggested its relevance to current conditions in the industrial world.
Here is a transcript of a lecture (along with the associated power point) given at the Bank of Chile Research Conference that updates my thinking
on secular stagnation.
Then of course Adair Turner, Debt and Devil, and Summers remedies
for Secular Stagnation close the door on the no - option declinist memes.
The article explores how expansionary fiscal policy by the U.S. government can help overcome
secular stagnation problems and get growth back on track.
I appreciate that Reifschneider takes seriously the possibility of
secular stagnation by including a section on it.
The core idea
behind secular stagnation was that the neutral real rate had for a variety of reasons fallen and might well be below zero a substantial part of the time going forward.
These capital outflows and the consequent increases in net exports will further reduce demand and neutral real rates in the developed world, thereby
exacerbating secular stagnation.
A stumble in such efforts is likely to revive old concerns
over secular stagnation and push investors back toward old habits, namely a preference for yield and stable growth.
A full - on globalization backlash could undermine hopes for shifting away
from secular stagnation by derailing the nascent recovery in investment spending and productivity growth in the U.S. Global trade tends to boost productivity through fostering of competitive pressures, product specialization, scale economies, global value chains and technology transfer.
Gordon, meanwhile, has argued for what might be called supply -
side secular stagnation — a fundamental decline in the rate of productivity growth relative to its golden age, from 1870 to 1970.
Prior to the election, «Investors were resigned to many more years of
secular stagnation based on a status - quo election outcome,» Timmer says.
The other reason rising inflation is a good thing is that it
suggests secular stagnation — a permanent, low - growth regime — is ending.
However, I fear he is overly sanguine in assuming that even
under secular stagnation the Fed will start the next recession with an interest rate of 2 percent, as well as a ten year rate of 3 percent.
Unfortunately, the Fed and other policy setters remain committed to traditional paradigms and so are acting in ways that
make secular stagnation more likely.
In more technical economic
language secular stagnation is the hypothesis that the IS curve has shifted back and down so that the real interest rate consistent with full employment has declined.
At the end, you exhort your professional colleagues to come up with some new ideas to
combat secular stagnation — an excess desire to save rather than invest, with consequent drag on the world economy.
Professor Summers — I followed the link to your lecture about
secular stagnation at the Bank of Chile conference last month.
Summers and
other secular stagnation supporters argue that the level of interest rates needed to bring the economy back to full capacity is below the effective lower bound for monetary policy, so central banks are powerless to stimulate enough demand to use up excess supply.
The key to understanding this situation lies in the concept of secular stagnation [5], first put forward by the economist Alvin Hansen in the 1930s.
The point which Ben very appropriately emphasizes is that
unmanaged secular stagnation in one place is contagious — that a higher level of saving over investment leading to low interest rates in one place, leads to current account surplus, leads to a capital outflow, which then leads to currency depreciation, leads to currency appreciation in other places, and leads therefore to spreading low demand and low interest rates everywhere.
If it were possible to
avoid secular stagnation, then it would indeed be possible to increase average levels of output substantially, raising the stakes for demand management policy.
If each of the countries
facing secular stagnation today were to confront it successfully on its own, the results would be very favorable for the global economy.
Secular stagnation occurs when neutral real interest rates are sufficiently low that they can not be achieved through conventional central - bank policies.
In a nutshell,
Secular Stagnation posits that the global economy suffers from a structural lack of aggregate demand and a chronic excess of desired savings over desired investment; this results in permanently low levels of economic growth, inflation and interest rates.
Labour should focus on overcoming these challenges — which may require the slaying of some Labour sacred cows — and not presume that we are stuck in an
inescapable secular stagnation.
This conundrum shares some characteristics and common roots with the theory
of secular stagnation; in both scenarios, interest rates, growth, and inflation are persistently low (Summers 2015).
The theory
behind secular stagnation is that the economy grows very slowly, and as a result, inflation and bond yields stay contained.
Jury is still out
on secular stagnation — «At present, it looks likely that the equilibrium interest rate will remain low for the policy - relevant future, but there have in the past been both long swings and short - term changes in what can be thought of as equilibrium real rates»
While the combination of secular headwinds and policy missteps help explain an unprecedented time of economic malaise, positioning
for secular stagnation «may not be the right playbook for investors,» says Asset Allocation Strategist Joe Pickhardt.
Well - intentioned proposals to curtail prospective pension benefits, in contrast, might make matters even worse by encouraging increased saving and reduced consumption, thus
exacerbating secular stagnation.
A stumble in such efforts is likely to revive old concerns
over secular stagnation and push investors back toward old habits, namely a preference for yield and stable growth.
This was described in prior analyses, including «It's
not secular stagnation; it's the tech and trade transformation.»
For these and other companies, Alberta continues to offer an island of pre-2008 growth in a world overshadowed by
secular stagnation.
More than half think the world's developed economies have hit a prolonged period of slower growth — or what they call «
secular stagnation.»
(1) The demand and supply sides of
secular stagnation.