The increases in precipitation
seen at higher latitudes are a result of increasing amounts of water vapour in the atmosphere.
The collisions produce the wavy sheets of light
seen at high latitudes.
Not exact matches
Examining the radiation balance as a function of latitude, we
see that tropical regions have a radiation surplus; the deficit over the
higher latitudes peaks
at the poles.
«We are
seeing meteorological activity
at low
latitudes and we expect it to move to
high latitudes,» says Turtle.
Previous work by Hook using satellite data indicated that many lake temperatures were warming faster than air temperature and that the greatest warming was observed
at high latitudes, as
seen in other climate warming studies.
And
at high global
latitudes, cold lakes normally covered by ice in the winter are
seeing less ice year after year — a change that could affect all parts of the food web, from algae to freshwater seals.
This is especially true for lakes
at high latitudes that are covered in ice each winter but may
see less ice as temperatures rise.
«Ever since the lakes and seas were discovered, we've been wondering why they're concentrated
at high northern
latitudes,» said Elizabeth (Zibi) Turtle, a Cassini imaging team associate based
at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Md. «So,
seeing that there's something special about the surface in this region is a big clue to help narrow down the possible explanations.»
There are also numerous «fingerprints» which we would expect to
see from an increased greenhouse effect (i.e. more warming
at night,
at higher latitudes, upper atmosphere cooling) that we have indeed observed (Figure 6).
Also, if you look
at Table T2 in this paper, you will
see that ocean sea surface heat storage 0 - 700m from 1955 - 2003 (in W / m2) is always
higher at northern
latitudes than the corresponding southern
latitudes in every case, even with the extensive Southern Ocean warming as noted by Gavin responding to # 18.
Keep in mind that north - facing slopes can
see direct sun in early morning or late evening
at higher latitudes.
I have analysed several climate model results and find that under a GW regime we would expect to
see more record - breaking events
at mid - to
high latitudes and actually fewer new records than one would expect for the sub-tropics and where there is large - scale subsidence.
I have
seen less data on North America and Europe, where in many regions, changes in the short term are likely to be beneficial, particularly
at higher latitudes.
In response to increased trace gases, all replicated the qualitative response
seen in other coupled ocean - atmosphere models: greater warming over land than ocean and maximum warming
at high northern
latitudes in winter.
See e.g. slide 31 of http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/FACULTY/POPP/Lecture12.ppt E.g. a decreased insolation
at high northern
latitudes would cause ice sheets to grow.
Even when sea ice errors can be quantified, it is difficult to isolate their causes, which might arise from deficiencies in the representation of sea ice itself, but could also be due to flawed simulation of the atmospheric and oceanic fields
at high latitudes that drive ice movement (
see Sections 8.3.1, 8.3.2 and 11.3.8).
The models show large underestimates of CO
at middle and
high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, while typically performing reasonably well elsewhere (
see figure).
UPDATE Ian Wilson's latest paper now addresses these questions,
see link here http://landscheidt.auditblogs.com/2009/01/11/does-a-spin%E2%80%93orbit-coupling-between-the-sun-and-the-jovian-planets-govern-the-solar-cycle/ The Neptune, Uranus factor could be effecting the Sun is several ways, perhaps causing a slowdown in the rotational difference
at the
high and low
latitudes thereby reducing the input to the solar dynamo.
There are also numerous «fingerprints» which we would expect to
see from an increased greenhouse effect (i.e. more warming
at night,
at higher latitudes, upper atmosphere cooling) that we have indeed observed (Figure 6).
However, this phenomenon can not explain the mismatch to the other published proxy records clearly indicating warm climatic conditions in the
High Northern
Latitudes at that time (
see discussion above).
However,
at the
higher latitudes, many locations are likely to warm by more than the global average (
see figure).
This was an episode of rapid and intense warming (up to 7 °C
at high latitudes) which lasted less than 100,000 years (
see Figure 1).
Anomalies in the volcanic - aerosol induced global radiative heating distribution can force significant changes in atmospheric circulation, for example, perturbing the equator - to - pole heating gradient (Stenchikov et al., 2002; Ramaswamy et al., 2006a;
see Section 9.2) and forcing a positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation that in turn causes a counterintuitive boreal winter warming
at middle and
high latitudes over Eurasia and North America (Perlwitz and Graf, 2001; Stenchikov et al., 2002, 2004, 2006; Shindell et al., 2003b, 2004; Perlwitz and Harnik, 2003; Rind et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2006).
It is
seen that the zero phase difference line approaches
high latitudes in winter and moves to middle, even tropical
latitudes during summer
at both hemispheres.
Furthermore, it can be
seen that due to the lower incidence angle of the solar radiation
at lower
latitudes, TEC
at 35 ° N is principally
higher than TEC
at 65 ° N. Differences between both
latitudes are always positive
at day - time and reach up to 20 TECU while following the solar cycle dynamics.
Figure 2 - B suggests that since 1979 there has been a jump of
at most 0.3 °C during the great El Niño of 1997 - 98; (
see figure 15 - A showing that El Niño paces the global temperatures as the water of the warm pool is redistributed to the oceanic surface layer
at higher latitudes).
From CO2 estimate like this, we don't
see that Antarctic glaciation 35 million years ago could have occurred
at much more than 800 ppm, and the much
higher CO2 levels before that were even favorable for forests
at polar
latitudes.
In that event, figure 7 suggests a global mean warming approaching 25 °C, with much larger warming
at high latitudes (
see electronic supplementary material, figure S6).
Did you ever
see much forest growth
at higher altitudes and
latitudes where is is very cold?
In principle a similar situation could arise
at lower
latitudes at high elevations in the Rocky Mountains, although most models project a widespread decrease of snow depth there (Kim et al., 2002; Snyder et al., 2003; Leung et al., 2004;
see also Box 11.3).
As can be
seen, coverage
at high latitudes during winter is poor mainly because the sun is not
high enough over the horizon.
This implies that future ocean warming may likewise
see greater warming rates (
at some point), in the deep ocean and
higher latitudes, than the equatorial regions.
When I look
at global temperature anomaly maps put out by NASA, I
see that the most dramatic warming is occurring in the
high northern
latitudes (in places like Alaska, Siberia, and Greenland).
Anomalies in the volcanic - aerosol induced global radiative heating distribution can force signifi cant changes in atmospheric circulation, for example, perturbing the equator - to - pole heating gradient (Stenchikov et al., 2002; Ramaswamy et al., 2006a;
see Section 9.2) and forcing a positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation that in turn causes a counterintuitive boreal winter warming
at middle and
high latitudes over Eurasia and North America (Perlwitz and Graf, 2001; Stenchikov et al., 2002,2004, 2006; Shindell et al., 2003b, 2004; Perlwitz and Harnik, 2003; Rind et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2006).
«What you
see are studies that show that animals are living
at higher elevations than they used to, or
higher latitudes.
See K. R. Briffa, F. H. Schweingruber, P. D. Jones, T. J. Osborn1, S. G. Shiyatov & E. A. Vaganov, «Reduced sensitivity of recent tree - growth to temperature
at high northern
latitudes», Nature 391, 678 - 682 (12 February 1998).