Sentences with phrase «set of models estimating»

Currently set at $ 36 per ton of carbon dioxide, the metric is produced using a complex, and contentious, set of models estimating a host of future costs to society related to rising temperatures and seas, then using a longstanding economic tool, a discount rate, to gauge how much it is worth today to limit those harms generations hence.

Not exact matches

I have little doubt that this estimate was obtained by some version of the dividend discount model: Price = D / (k - g), where Ed Kershner decided to pick a long - term return on stocks k really, really close to the long term growth rate of dividends g. Gee, why didn't he just go ahead and set them equal and shoot for thrills?

The company is supposedly set to start mass production of the Model 3 from July and recent estimates indicate that around 100,000 vehicles are planned to be delivered by the end of 2017.

We used multiple regression to estimate the differences in total cost between the settings for birth and to adjust for potential confounders, including maternal age, parity, ethnicity, understanding of English, marital status, BMI, index of multiple deprivation score, parity, and gestational age at birth, which could each be associated with planned place of birth and with adverse outcomes.12 For the generalised linear model on costs, we selected a γ distribution and identity link function in preference to alternative distributional forms and link functions on the basis of its low Akaike's information criterion (AIC) statistic.

The group has devised a model that includes agents representing all 8.5 million New Yorkers, plus a smaller set of agents representing the entire population of individual mosquitoes, as estimated from traps.

Utilizing the largest data set of mobile phone records ever analyzed to estimate human mobility, the researchers developed an innovative model that can predict epidemics and provide critical early warning to policy makers.

Then, the scientists used a second set of models to estimate the amount of erosion that would result within a year of these wildfires.

Then they applied a set of mathematical models to estimate the movement of nutrients vertically in the oceans and across the land — and how this movement changed with extinctions and declining animal populations.

A similar model, allied with a bootstrapping exercise to quantify sampling error, was used to generate estimated Amazon - wide abundances of the 4962 valid species in the data set.

That would seem to be a good test of whether the method produces a good estimate of TCR independent of the uncertainty in E. I tried such a thing, and my main objection to the Shindell (2014) paper is that when I test the «simple» Otto method vs. the Shindell method on the same model set in the paper, the Otto et al (2013) method still seems to perform better.

Rather than use a model - based estimate, as did Hansen (2005) and Trenberth (2009), the authors achieve this by calculating it from observations of ocean heat content (down to 1800 metres) from the PMEL / JPL / JIMAR data sets over the period July 2005 to June 2010 - a time period dominated by the superior ARGO - based system.

The Finnish Meteorological Institute has participated in research to estimate, based on climate model results and measurements, the maximum amount of carbon dioxide that can be released into the atmosphere without passing the climate warming limits set by the Paris Climate Agreement.

«We use a massive ensemble of the Bern2.5 D climate model of intermediate complexity, driven by bottom - up estimates of historic radiative forcing F, and constrained by a set of observations of the surface warming T since 1850 and heat uptake Q since the 1950s... Between 1850 and 2010, the climate system accumulated a total net forcing energy of 140 x 1022 J with a 5 - 95 % uncertainty range of 95 - 197 x 1022 J, corresponding to an average net radiative forcing of roughly 0.54 (0.36 - 0.76) Wm - 2.»

Our model jointly estimates the relevance of individual factors, refines gene set annotations, and infers factors without annotation.

By storing a set of recently logged GPS positions in an external dataset, a spatial model could describe a best - fit line that estimates users» trajectory.

Although the results could differ in other settings, our method of using natural teacher turnover to evaluate bias in VA estimates can be easily implemented by school districts to evaluate the accuracy of their VA models.

The corresponding 2SLS estimate of ρ using a full set of offer × risk set dummies as instruments in a model without covariates is 0.45.

The BETA report concludes that «the model selected to estimate growth scores for New York State represents a first effort to produce fair and accurate estimates of individual teacher and principal effectiveness based on a limited set of data» (p. 35).

The best estimates from the new analyses, based on the combined set of vehicles (1997 - 2004 models), show somewhat smaller benefits of head - protecting side airbags and larger benefits of torso airbags, compared with the earlier study.

The second set of regressions focused on the betas» temporal stability by estimating the Market Model over thirty - four month subperiods.

Given a spatially and temporally sparse set of point measurements of the behavior of a complex but well understood system, the best way to estimate the overall system behavior is arguably to build a robust model of its physics and train that over time to reproduce the measurement field.

Estimates of the mean trend are obtained for each family of models (i.e. a set of models coming from the same model team) and at the same time an estimate of the relationship between GSMT and trend is also obtained.

A detailed reanalysis is presented of a «Bayesian» climate parameter study (Forest et al., 2006) that estimates climate sensitivity (ECS) jointly with effective ocean diffusivity and aerosol forcing, using optimal fingerprints to compare multi-decadal observations with simulations by the MIT 2D climate model at varying settings of the three climate parameters.

In recent years one of the most important methods of estimating probability distributions for key properties of the climate system has been comparison of observations with multiple model simulations, run at varying settings for climate parameters.

The most popular observationally - constrained method of estimating climate sensitivity involves comparing data whose relation to S is too complex to permit direct estimation, such as temperatures over a spatio - temporal grid, with simulations thereof by a simplified climate model that has adjustable parameters for setting S and other key climate properties.

2011 (August) National Program Standards Phase I (Heavy Duty) Sets Medium and Heavy Duty Vehicles fuel efficiency and tailpipe emissions standards estimated to reduce CO2 emissions by about 270 million metric tons and save about 530 million barrels of oil over the life of the vehicles built in model years 2014 - 2018.

Lyman and colleagues combined different ocean monitoring groups» data sets, taking into account different sources of bias and uncertainty — due to researchers using different instruments, the lack of instrument coverage in the ocean, and different ways of analyzing data used among research groups — and put forth a warming rate estimate for the upper ocean that it is more useful in climate models.

The paper incorporates data - driven estimates of the value of fuel economy into an automotive market simulation model that has three components: a consumer demand function that predicts consumers» vehicle choices as functions of vehicle price, fuel price, and vehicle attributes (the new estimates of the value of fuel economy are used to set the parameters of the demand function); an engineering and economic evaluation of feasible fuel economy improvements by 2010; and a game theoretic analysis of manufacturers» competitive interactions.

«We use a massive ensemble of the Bern2.5 D climate model of intermediate complexity, driven by bottom - up estimates of historic radiative forcing F, and constrained by a set of observations of the surface warming T since 1850 and heat uptake Q since the 1950s... Between 1850 and 2010, the climate system accumulated a total net forcing energy of 140 x 1022 J with a 5 - 95 % uncertainty range of 95 - 197 x 1022 J, corresponding to an average net radiative forcing of roughly 0.54 (0.36 - 0.76) Wm - 2.»

Sheldon Drobot at the University of Colorado, who used a more sophisticated forecast model to estimate a 59 % chance of setting a new record low — far from a sure - thing.

In the May report, NSIDC also quoted a colleague, Sheldon Drobot at the University of Colorado, who used a more sophisticated forecast model to estimate a 59 % chance of setting a new record low — far from a sure - thing.

It also presents a new set of estimates of the uncertainties about future climate change and compares the results will those of other integrated assessment models.

Estimates of natural variability from an AOGCM provide a critical input in deriving, by comparing temperature estimates from the simple model with observations, a likelihood function for the parameters jointly at each possible combination of parameter settings (and in one or two cases AOGCMs provide surrogates for some of the observationEstimates of natural variability from an AOGCM provide a critical input in deriving, by comparing temperature estimates from the simple model with observations, a likelihood function for the parameters jointly at each possible combination of parameter settings (and in one or two cases AOGCMs provide surrogates for some of the observationestimates from the simple model with observations, a likelihood function for the parameters jointly at each possible combination of parameter settings (and in one or two cases AOGCMs provide surrogates for some of the observational data).

As it had turned out that even large - scale features of the model are rather sensitive to changes in the data set, particularly for the earlier part the model, the final model was obtained as the average of 2000 models where data and ages were varied within their uncertainty estimates and bootstraps on the final data sets were performed (hence version number 1b).

• These results could arise due to errors common to all models; to significant non-climatic influences remaining within some or all of the observational data sets, leading to biased long - term trend estimates; or a combination of these factors.

In addition, the Confidence Index in the 8 - day data sets has been discontinued in favor of a new Clear Index, that reports the percentage of 500 m non-cloud cells used to estimate snow cover in each Climate Modeling Grid (CMG) cell.

If we are talking being removed from the set of «policy - ready models» giving trusted estimates of sensitivity I tend to agree.

Although we do not classify litigants by their business model, we can estimate the role of PMEs by partitioning our data into two sets — one where the plaintiff filed at least 10 cases (counting by defendants) per year, and those where the plaintiff filed fewer.

Both sets of assumptions were checked and relaxed if there was strong evidence (using a more stringent p value of.001 due to the number of tests involved) that they were inappropriate, and all models were estimated using robust maximum likelihood.

Finally, the estimates from both sets of multilevel models suggest that CfC had the effect of reducing the number of jobless households for those in low - income and not low - income households.

The process of conducting a cost of quality study includes identifying key cost drivers in the quality standards, collecting relevant data — including from providers — and developing a model to calculate estimated program and per child costs for different ages and settings, such as a child care center or a family home.26 These studies can be conducted by a state agency or by an external independent consultant or organization.

In following multiple regression models, two sets of backward deletions were run based on the p - values of the estimates, in order to identify significant predictors of early and late dissolutions, respectively.

An alternative approach would be to model the variance shared by a set of proximal targets as a latent variable, and employ the latent variable to estimate both baseline target levels and subsequent change in the targeted mechanism within a BTMM design.

In these tests, the deviance of a model in which the variance on either level 2 or level 3 was set to zero, was compared to the deviance of the full model in which level 2 and level 3 variances were freely estimated.

Genetic, shared, and non-shared environmental effects were estimated for each temperamental construct and psychiatric disorder using the statistical program MX. Multivariate genetic models were fitted to determine whether the same or different sets of genes and environments account for the co-occurrence between early temperament and preschool psychiatric disorders.