Not exact matches
Once inside, they can disrupt
several cellular targets, including DNA, RNA, and
proteins.
Activated ERK1 / 2 modulates the functions of
several transcription factors,
protein kinases,
protein phosphatases, cytoskeletal
proteins, signaling molecules, apoptosis - related
proteins, as well as other types of
proteins [32], while activated AKT modulates the function of numerous substrates involved in the regulation of cell survival, cell cycle progression and
cellular growth [33, 34], whereas JNK acts as pro-apoptotic as well as anti-apoptotic depending on the conditions [35].
In the study, the researchers describe the microscopic physical interactions and chemical changes of
proteins associated with
several cellular functions, including disease forms, and how still - healthy cells could try to temper it.
Their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are largely due to their abilities to scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improvement of antioxidant status by attenuating the activity of NF - κB and suppressing the expression of
several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including monocyte chemotactic
protein - 1 (MCP - 1), nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases,
cellular adhesion molecules, tumor necrosis factor and interleukins.
Stress resistance has not been assessed however and so the biological relevance of this finding is currently unknown.32
Several IER trials (75 - 85 % ER on restricted days) in overweight / obese populations have reported reductions in various markers of oxidative stress 37, 41, which in one study was accompanied by a complementary increase in the anti-oxidant uric acid.37 In a direct comparison of IER (75 % ER for two days / week) and CER, both ER strategies displayed equal efficacy in reducing levels of fast - acting advanced oxidation
protein products (AOPP) after six months, which displayed a tendency to occur earlier (i.e. at three months) in the IER group.41 Levels of slow - acting (i.e. long term) AOPP tended to decrease in the IER group and increase in the CER group which the authors proposed may have resulted from IER - induced activation of autophagy, a key homeostatic
cellular process in which dysfunctional or unnecessary
cellular proteins are degraded and recycled.41 On the other hand, a follow - up study using similar IER / CER protocols demonstrated comparable reductions in AOPP in both groups after three months.48 Summary and Future Research Directions