Sentences with phrase «several decades to a century»

One reason for this is that many impacts of climate change are expected to be proportional to the amount of global average warming that occurs over the next several decades to centuries.

Deep ocean temperature, sea level, salinity, and AMOC have relaxation time of several decades to a century.

This is a much weaker statement telling little or nothing on the possibility of significant additional natural processes on the time scale from several decades to centuries.

These glacier and lacustrine data indicate a period of several decades to century length when climate conditions (cool summers, wet winters or both) favoured glacier nourishment and advance across western Canada.

He also emphasized that the climate chronology drawn from the corals was very fragmentary, representing only about a dozen «windows on climate,» each covering several decades to a century, spread over the last 130,000 years.

Not exact matches

«Most communities have aging and crumbling water and sewer infrastructure - much of which dates back several decades, and even to the early 20th century,» she wrote in the letter.

Since you need the passage of several decades, at least, between the destruction of one city and the erection of another, this would make it impossible for Solomon to be involved in the construction of the tel's monumental ashlar palaces — now dated by Finkelstein to the 800s (the ninth century B.C.) and linked to the reign of King Omri of the north.

Late - summer water temperatures near the Florida Keys were warmer by nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit in the last several decades compared to a century earlier, according to a new study by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Months with waters warmer than 85 F have become more frequent in the last several decades compared to a century ago, stressing and in some cases killing corals when temperatures remain high for too long.

Terrestrial permafrost emissions of CH4 and CO2 likely can occur on a time scale of a few decades to several centuries if global warming continues [215].

With rudimentary laboratories, one could argue that more was accomplished with regards to the effect of diet on cancer in the former half of the century, as revolutionary researchers like Tannenbaum, Rous, and their colleagues provided us with dozens of animal studies linking diet and cancer by exposing mice to free radical - laden vegetable oils.32, 33 Several decades later, two other researchers, Dayton and Pearce, provided one of the few studies revealing what happens when we give humans vegetable oils and their accompanying free radicals when they randomized men to a corn oil solution and a similar rise in cancer followed.34 It is no surprise that corn oil is often used in animal studies to cause cancer, as the ingestion of damaging free radicals predictably hastens cancer development.35 Furthermore, these scientists were the first to show that fasting, restricting calories, and cutting carbohydrates could lower the chance of cancer in animals exposed to dangerous chemicals and carcinogens.

It is long past time to move to the next level of reform and accountability — the extrinsic type — and this is the trend we must and will see over the next several decades in what I believe will be the civil rights revolution of the 21st century, which I think will play out simultaneously on the two tracks I have just mentioned: the delivery system for education and the means by which we prepare and compensate educators, primarily teachers.

The first of several market bubbles to burst in this first decade of the 21st century, which has paved the way for subsequent housing and credit bubbles.

It became home to the Bishop of Truro at the turn of the 20th century for 15 years before providing a convalescent home for Great Western Railwaymen for several decades into the middle of the last century.

Adnan's unique career — spanning several decades and including as wide a range of media as it does traditions and continents — has made a significant contribution to the artistic, cultural and political landscape of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Toward the end of the decade he made several trips to Italy to study the art of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Working in the mid-twentieth century, Neo-Dada artists applied a wry sense of humor to their work, which echoed the sensibility of the Dada artists from several decades earlier.

The pages in these volumes document Davidson's passionate and progressive vision, a vision that bears witness to several decades of volatile change in twentieth - century America.

A pioneering entrepreneur and philanthropist, Morton Mandel, together with his wife Barbara, amassed an enviable collection over several decades, which spans many of the most important artistic movements of the 20th century: from Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism; to Minimalism and Pop, with an equal emphasis on paintings, works - on - paper and sculpture.

A century long struggle to gain full control of its natural resources and refining capacities has been punctuated by many events: from the exploits of the Anglo - Persian Oil company (later to be known as British Petroleum or BP), in the early part of last century; to the CIA backed overthrow of the first democratically elected government in the 1950s, after it nationalized the country's oil fields; to the destruction toll of several oil installations during the decade long Iran - Iraq war; to current pressures by large international firms to negotiate contracts for the exploitation rights of oil and gas.

«This uncertainty is illustrated by Pollard et al. (2015), who found that addition of hydro - fracturing and cliff failure into their ice sheet model increased simulated sea level rise from 2 m to 17 m, in response to only 2 °C ocean warming and accelerated the time for substantial change from several centuries to several decades.»

Paleo - evidence suggests that temperatures rose several degrees in a matter of decades to centuries, which compare to our current rate of contemporary warming.

In my opinion, climate behaves in a far from linear way, with loads of factors to take into account, so in most cases it would be very difficult to find climate records react consistently (over several solar cycles / decades / centuries) in the same way to say a solar change (see the Hoyt & Schatten 1998 book).

Kopp goes on to demonstrate that the big climatological impact of TSI (the 17th century Maunder Minimum) is «generally - accepted (to) have been about 0.04 to 0.08 % lower in irradiance for several decades» relative to «current levels.»

Granted, it is «slow» right now, but the melting has been increasing quite substantially, and whereas the IPCC had been speaking in the neighborhood of a sea level increase of 50 cm, figures between one to two meters are becoming common as the result of observed changes, and with the nonlinear processes and resulting positive feedback, Jim Hansen has suggested that a sea level doubling per decade and increase of several meters (up to 5 m) by the end of the century is more realistic.

Granted, it is «slow» right now, but the melting has been increasing quite substantially, and whereas the IPCC had been speaking in the neighborhood of a sea level increase of 50 cm, figures between one to two meters are becoming common as the result of the observed higher rates since, and with the nonlinear processes and resulting positive feedback, Jim Hansen has suggested that a sea level doubling per decade and increase of several meters (up to 5 m) by the end of the century is more realistic.

These compounds remain in the atmosphere only days to decades — versus centuries for the CO2 perturbation — so cutting their emissions can appreciably slow the rate of warming over the next several decades.

The decisive truth to recognise is that in the last two centuries, and more likely the last several decades, there has been a break or rupture in both Earth history and human history, one that demands a wholesale rethinking of the modernist concepts and categories that most of us take for granted.

In fact, the latest scientific research suggests that what would almost certainly happen at those concentrations of CO2 is that, in the second half of this century, sea levels would start rising several inches a decade, which would quickly become 6 to 12 inches a decade.

From the Vostok Ice Core, it is clear that the Earth is subjected to many levels of NATURAL «warmings»: JUST one «category «10» warming of 9 + with an ~ 12000y duration every 120,000 y; several category «6» warmings of 5 - 6C peaking ~ every 7500y after each category «10» event; many category «3» warmings of 2 - 3C peaking ~ every 5000y; and a multitude of category «2» warmings of 1 - 2C peaking on decade and century scales.

Health eff ects from changes to the environment including climatic change, ocean acidification, land degradation, water scarcity, overexploitation of fisheries, and biodiversity loss pose serious challenges to the global health gains of the past several decades and are likely to become increasingly dominant during the second half of this century and beyond.

A century of mass change measurements for several Swiss glaciers allow us to more finely resolve changes between decades.

The IPCC uses several time constants: the constant for the exchange rate of ~ 8 years, and several time constants for the decay rates in different compartiments, ranging from less than a year (ocean surface) to decades (deep oceans) to centuries and millennia (rock weathering, sedimentation).

Their analysis period varied from region to region, but within each region it generally spanned at least the last several decades, and for some regions much of the 20th century (Australia, United States, Norway, and South Africa).

In many rivers fed by glaciers, there will be a «meltwater dividend» during some part of the 21st century, due to increasing rates of loss of glacier ice, but the continued shrinkage of the glaciers means that after several decades the total amount of meltwater that they yield will begin to decrease (medium confidence).

Depending where you look and in which decade they advance and retreat, but now with sea level rising twice as fast as in the last century, you may be able to figure out that glaciers are melting more quickly, and that with several more degrees of warming they would be on a downward trend.

They say nothing about any man - made GW prior to 1950, rather they speak of, «the last 1/2 century,» «since the middle of the 20th century,» but with the majority referenced the beginning point as, since the 1970's,» or simply, «over the past several decades.

Terrestrial permafrost emissions of CH4 and CO2 likely can occur on a time scale of a few decades to several centuries if global warming continues [215].

If IPCC models can not even predict the temperature of the next decade, why are we to put any confidence whatsoever in their ability to project temperatures for the next several decades — or even century?

A normal observer would say, «if they can't get one decade right, why are we to believe that they can get several decades or even centuries right?»

The climate is a messy system and traditional attribution looking for the reasons for a warming of several tenths of a degree over a century can only reach the conclusion that it is «very likely», what chance, consequently, does anyone have to confidently attribute changes of a hundredth of a degree over a decade?

Several authors suggest that the extinction crisis is already so severe, even without climate change included as a driver, that a mass extinction of species is plausible within decades to centuries.

Developing metrics to set short - term changes observed over decades or centuries in the context of long - term (several hundreds to thousands of years or more) variation in specific ecosystems

Vincentrj # 28 you are unclear re the division of your opinions / inferences between the 3 basic sub-topics (1) heat is entering the oceans due to radiative imbalance due to humans burning carbon fuels (2) the heat rate coupled with its estimated duration (based on its cause) will make it within a few decades become unprecedented during the last several thousand years and same for the surface temperature rise that will be required to stop it (3) the effects on flora & fauna will be highly negative even within this century and more so for centuries and millenia thereafter, in particular the human species which has softened much and expects much more since the days when a mammoth tusk through the groin was met with «well Og's had it, press on».

Fraedrich & Blender find persistence up to decades, Kiraly et al. find persistence lasting several years, so even if their analysis applied to temperature time series (which it doesn't) rather than fluctuations (which it does), those time scales aren't long enough to explain the trend on a century time scale in observed temperature time series.

Someone responded with several papers from one decade (first of 21st) which are not relevant to the entire century.

Yet modeling and theoretical studies suggest only small anthropogenic changes to tropical cyclone intensity several decades into the future [an increase on the order of ~ 5 % near the end of the 21st century (4, 5)-RSB-.

Several analyses of ring width and ring density chronologies, with otherwise well - established sensitivity to temperature, have shown that they do not emulate the general warming trend evident in instrumental temperature records over recent decades, although they do track the warming that occurred during the early part of the 20th century and they continue to maintain a good correlation with observed temperatures over the full instrumental period at the interannual time scale (Briffa et al., 2004; D'Arrigo, 2006).

Significant short - term (decades to century - scale) temperature and sea levels fluctuations (several degrees and many meters) during the last ice age (about 110 — 15 thousand years ago) imply great instability of the Greenland and west Antarctic ice sheets.