Furthermore, large segments of chromosome 11 and
several other chromosomes were reshuffled like a deck of cards, drastically altering the arrangement of the genes.
In one experiment with human cells, a guide RNA should have led the Cas9 enzyme only to a gene on chromosome 2 (yellow bar), but it also directed the enzyme to many off - target sites (red) on
several other chromosomes.
Not exact matches
These new findings, along with
other recent studies, suggest that the risk for congenital heart defects in Down syndrome can come from
several genes and environmental factors, in addition to the substantial risk from the extra
chromosome 21.
Several other technical advances helped, including the development of huge yeast artificial
chromosomes, so - called «megaYACs», which can store up to 1.4 million pairs of DNA in one big chunk — 35 times more than can be stored in bacteria, the conventional way to clone DNA.
Chromosomes come in two matching sets, one from each parent, but the first human genome sequences published in 2001 (one by Venter, the
other by federally funded researchers) were pastiches of both sets from
several different individuals.
At the same time, we are working to identify the common thread of variants we and
others have discovered on
chromosome 8q24 that confer risk of
several forms of cancer, including prostate, breast, colorectal and now bladder.
For many years geneticists and breeders have been aware of
several locations on the
chromosomes, or loci, which are responsible for the color patterns we see in dogs and
other mammals.