PMDD can include some of the more common PMS symptoms, but also involves more
severe changes in mood which can include mood swings, feeling sad and tearful, irritability or anger, depressed mood, anxiety, and feeling «on edge».
Hepatic encephalopathy occurs when the liver can not remove certain toxins and chemicals, such as ammonia, from the blood.1 These toxins and chemicals then build up and enter the brain.1 Hepatic encephalopathy is one of the major complications of cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), and a leading cause of hospital re-admission due to its recurrence, despite treatment.1 It can occur suddenly
in people with acute liver failure, but is seen more often
in those with chronic liver disease.1 Symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy include mild confusion, forgetfulness, poor concentration and personality or
mood changes, but can progress to extreme anxiety, seizures,
severe confusion, jumbled and slurred speech and slow movement.1 The first step
in treatment is to identify and treat any factors that cause hepatic encephalopathy.2 Once the episode has resolved, further treatment aims to reduce the production and absorption of toxins, such as ammonia.1 Generally, there are two types of medication used to reduce the likelihood of another hepatic encephalopathy episode — lactulose and rifaximin.2 However, it remains a leading cause of hospitalisations and re-hospitalisations
in cirrhotic patients, despite the use of the above - mentioned standard of care treatment.