Credit distress is rampant among energy companies, which borrowed heavily against the promise of
shale oil and gas extraction and are now reeling from what looks like a prolonged price crash.
Not exact matches
In other cases, the story is more nuanced: For example,
oil and gas extraction firms benefit, while the producers of petroleum
and coal products lose, echoing the tension between refiners
and oil -
shale producers.
Concerns over hydraulic fracturing, an
oil and gas extraction method that injects millions of gallons of freshwater
and chemicals into
shale, have largely focused on potential impacts on water quality.
Hydraulic fracturing, or «fracking,» is a petroleum -
extraction procedure in which millions of gallons of water (as well as sand
and chemicals) are injected deep into underground
shale beds to crack the rock
and release natural
gas and oil.
The alternative pathway, which the world seems to be on now, is continued
extraction of all fossil fuels, including development of unconventional fossil fuels such as tar sands, tar
shale, hydrofracking to extract
oil and gas,
and exploitation of methane hydrates.
However, the stark reality is that global emissions have accelerated (Fig. 1)
and new efforts are underway to massively expand fossil fuel
extraction [7]--[9] by drilling to increasing ocean depths
and into the Arctic, squeezing
oil from tar sands
and tar
shale, hydro - fracking to expand
extraction of natural
gas, developing exploitation of methane hydrates,
and mining of coal via mountaintop removal
and mechanized long - wall mining.
The dramatic rise in
shale -
gas extraction and the tight -
oil revolution (mostly crude
oil that is found in
shale deposits) happened in the United States
and Canada because open access, sound government policy, stable property rights
and the incentive offered by market pricing unleashed the skills of good engineers.
Since the peak of crude
oil production a decade ago, the fossil fuel industry has been forced to resort to costly
and unconventional methods of
extraction — arctic drilling
and shale gas fracking among them — giving rise to unprecedented economic
and environmental hazards.
Gazprom's (OTCQX: GZPFY) reaction to
shale gas, until recently, has been to dismiss it as a short lived phenomenon while pushing ahead as hard as possible with the
extraction of coal bed methane
and going full steam ahead with the game changing vista of Arctic
oil and gas, which I will look at in a separate blog.
In North Dakota, where
oil drillers lack the equipment
and pipelines to capture the
gas that accompanies
extraction of crude, the practice of flaring off the methane lights up some areas over the Bakken
shale like big cities at night.
Moreover, in a world where fossil fuel resources are shrinking every year,
and where the
extraction of «residual» sources such as deepwater
oil, tar sands
and shale gas come with great environmental
and safety risks, bioenergy production can also contribute to national energy security.
The alternative pathway, which the world seems to be on now, is continued
extraction of all fossil fuels, including development of unconventional fossil fuels such as tar sands, tar
shale, hydrofracking to extract
oil and gas,
and exploitation of methane hydrates.
Meanwhile, numerous industry efforts are underway to further exploit stressed public lands
and perpetuate fossil - fuel dependence through the
extraction of coal,
oil and gas,
oil shale and tar sands,
and liquefied natural
gas development — as well as uranium mining
and milling
and the construction of energy corridors
and long - distance electric transmission lines.