While some countries, such as Canada, the United Kingdom and Germany, have instituted or are considering special requirements for
shallow fracking wells, most U.S. states lack additional oversight for such operations.
Not exact matches
But Clarens says
fracking fluids could theoretically leak into aquifers, because the
wells must be dug through
shallow layers where the aquifers lie in order to reach shales.
Badly managed
fracking has recently been shown to have contaminated water
wells in Wyoming, though this involved a
shallow sandstone reservoir rather than much deeper shale.
State assessments of additional safety measures needed for
wells fracked shallower than 3,000 feet
The most recent such study, published in Environmental Science & Technology, finds that at least 6,900 oil and gas
wells in the U.S. were
fracked less than a mile (5,280 feet) from the surface, and at least 2,600
wells were
fracked at depths
shallower than 3,000 feet, some as
shallow as 100 feet.
Other states that
fracked wells shallower than 3,000 feet using more than a million gallons each included New Mexico (16), Texas (10), Pennsylvania (seven) and California (two).
For example, Arkansas had more than 300
wells fracked shallower than 3,000 feet, using an average of 5 million gallons of water and chemicals.
It is illegal to run a horizontal
well frack shallower than 2,000 feet in New York — and that will probably change to 3,000 feet, which would preclude horizontal shale
fracking north of the area above I - 88.