This growing emergence of an
urban (metropolitan) dimension to national (and international) discourses on shared values, imaginations and common purpose has come to challenge the nationalisation thesis formulated as part of «political modernisation» (Hofferbert and Sharkansky, 1971), and its primary focus on territorial states as expressions of an existing and cohesive civil
society, or as «nationalisers» seeking to
shape a national identity (Brubaker, 1995).