The management fee and fund services charges are ordinarily included in the expense ratio; front - end and back - end loads, securities transaction fees and
shareholder transaction fees are normally excluded.
This may be a source of related party transactions where the pricing may not be in the interest of all shareholders
Fees paid by an investment fund to its transfer agent or other intermediaries to process
shareholder transactions and maintain shareholder accounts.
We counsel clients on choice of entity and structure, and related party transactions such as partnership - partner and corporation -
shareholder transactions.